1920’s Immigration Restriction

1921 Emergency Quota Act Immigrants per year cannot exceed 3% of total # of people from that country already in the U.S. Ethnic & National identity determined admission to U.S. U.S. President Harding signed Morphs into the 1924 National Origins Act

1924 National Origins Act Immigration per year cannot exceed 2% of total # of people from that country already in the U.S. Permanent Policy – lasted 40 years Based on the 1890 Census Excluded Southern & Eastern European immigrants

Exemptions, Exclusions & Adjustments Excluded Asians – 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act 1892 & 1902 Renewed Indefinitely 1924 Asian Exclusion Act – Part of National Origins Act Adjusted Native American Citizenship status Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 Interpretation of 14th Amendment Citizenship to persons born in the U.S. only if “subject to the jurisdiction of” Exempted Hispanic immigration from Western Hemisphere Mexican agriculture workers needed

Mexican Immigrantion 1965 End to national-origin quotas 1st numerical limits to immigrants from Mexico Latin America Majority – males, seasonal farm laborers Traveled back and forth across the border 1986 Immigration Reform & Control Act (IRCA) Legalized 3 m. unauthorized migrants 2.3 m. Mexicans Tougher border enforcement Penalties for Am. Co. that hired unauthorized workers

Mexican Immigration 1990-2010 7.5 m. Mexican immigrants 1994 NAFTA Staying in the U.S. California – 37% - Los Angeles Texas – 21% - Houston Illinois – 6% - Chicago 1994 NAFTA North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement Mexico, U.S., Canada U.S. – lost manufacturing Mexico’s GDP increased 15% 2001 – Post 911 – increased border security Decreased immigration - 5% - 2010

President Obama’ 2014 Immigration Accountability Executive Action Series of changes, updates, & temporary measures Protection for parents of U.S. citizens Goal: immigration as a tool for social and economic growth Congress has not acted on the proposals Beyond the border...