Chemical Injury and V. Biological Injury

Chemical Injury Poison to the cell It is the dose and chemical composition that make something poisonous Affects permeability of the cell membrane Tylenol can be poisonous in high concentrations, lead is poisonous is small amounts

Vitamin C—you can take as much as you want (as is B) Vitamins Vitamin C—you can take as much as you want (as is B) It is water soluble and passes through you Vitamin E—fat soluble and can be toxic to the liver (as can A,D,E,K)

Carcinogens: Chemicals that lead to cancer (CA)

Biological Injury Parasites Bacteria Viruses

Parasites Parasites are a world-wide problem Malaria still kills many individuals Parasites are not common in the USA Person probably out of the county

Malaria Parasite ©http://zap. intergate

Worms ©http://www.dherbs.com/store-images/parasite.jpg

Bacteria Bacterium: a tiny, primitive cell lacking a nucleus Bacteria are too large to get inside of our cells; they usually cause disease through a release of toxins They take in glucose and release toxins which make you sick

Example: Bacteria in the back of your throat What defenses do you have? Mucus Protects every cell Every day you come into contact with irritating bacteria Mucus cells protect you from this

Bacteria may cause a number of diseases p. 10 Bacteria love 98.6*F Ideal for binary fission to occur (reproduction) Bacteria may cause a number of diseases p. 10

Besides mucus cells, our bodies have another defense mechanism Immune response EX. You come down with strep throat; what happens to your body?

Immune Cells Outline Leukocytes: the cells of the immune system (also known as white blood cells) Two basic types of leukocytes: 1. Phagocytes: engulf and destroy foreign bodies (common defense for bacterial infections) Neutrophils Monocytes Macrophage

2. Lymphocytes: cells that allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders and help to destroy them (common defense for viral infections) Two types of lymphocytes: T lymphocytes (from the thymus) B lymphocytes (from bone marrow)

First Line of Defense Against Bacteria Neutrophils Most common type of white blood cells Main component of pus “Watch dogs” of your immune system

Recognize, attack, and consume bacteria through phagocytosis Phagocytosis: engulfing of bacteria, cellular debris, etc.

Phagocytosis

Contain numerous lysosomes filled with digestive enzymes (nonspecific granules)

Neutrophil

Provide chemical signals called LYMPHOKINES that carry messages between the cells of the immune system There are many types of lymphokines—they are collectively known as interleukins

Neutrophil ©http://www3.umdnj.edu/histsweb/lab5/images/neutrophil.jpg

Neutrophil ©http://www.aamdsglossary.co.uk/i/c/1_neutrophil.jpg

Illustration of a Neutrophil ©http://www. dkimages

Neutrophil and a Bacterium ©http://www. chronicprostatitis

2nd Line of Defense Monocytes Another type of white blood cell Slower moving but much more lethal By the time monocytes arrive, most of the bacteria are already dead

If monocyte level is elevated on a blood test, the infection has been going on for a while Often elevated in chronic bacterial infections (most bacterial infections are acute)

Monocyte ©http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/monocyte.jpg

Monocyte ©http://users.path.ox.ac.uk/~cholt/monocyte.jpg

Illustration of a Monocyte ©http://www. dkimages

Both neutrophils and monocytes are produced in the bone marrow Most effective production occurs when you are sleeping Why? You are using the least amount of energy which can then be used to produce wbc What is a common problem when students go to university?