Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany 2-Butyrophenone Minimal effect cardiovascular and respiratory system, Slight hypotension, Potent antiemetics Azaperone: Horses i.m dose 0.4-0.8 mg/kg give good sedation, muscle tremor and sweat , i.v may be cause violent excitement horse Droperidol: Potent neuroleptic , extermely potent anti-emetic, antagonize respiratory depressant effects of morphine, it can used with combine with fentanyl in horses. Fluanisone

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany 3-Benzodiazepines Depression of limbic system, muscle-relaxant properties, inhibition neurone at spinal level, drug very safe, limited effect CVS Diazepam: Insolubale in water, solvent benzoic acid, ethanol, Sodium benzoate, should not mixed with other drugs, premeditation increase length of action, prior to ketamine Midazolam Zolazepam Dose: 0.2-1 mg/kg B.W.

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany 4-α2 adrenoceptor agonists Clinical actions of α2 adrenoceptor agonists Xylazine, detomidine, medetomidine: Action same but there is difference length of action , major side effect cardiovascular system, bradycardia stimulation vagus nerve, hypotension Significant uterine Stimulation Abortion in very early and late pregenancy

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany Xylazine: Horses, dogs and cats require 10 times needed in cattle, sedation even less in horse than cattle, can given i.v., i.m., s/c, horse stay standing position in cow , small ruminiant may be recumbent Side effect: muscle twitching in sheep, sweating horse, vomiting at onset dogs& cats. Increased uterine production, Salivation ruminants Used as premedications, reduce dose of G.A, combination with other anesthetic drugs like ketamine Dose: Ruminants 0.05-0.1 mg/kg , Horse, Dog 0.5-1 mg/kg

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany Detomidine: Similar action of Xylazine more power due to more specfic α2 adrenoceptor Has no effect uterus, not cause abortion,less dose than xyalzine Horse 40-80 µg /kg, Cattle, 20-40 µg /kg Medetomidine: Is very potent and selective α2 adrenoceptor, central and peripheral system New product: Romifidine Antagonist of α2 adrenoceptor agonists Yohimbine, idazoxan, atipameziole

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany Analgesia: Analgesia an be provided by : 1- Use of local Anaesthesia 2- Use of opioid drugs 3- use of α2 adrenoceptor agonists

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany Opioid analgesics Provided analgesia, Wide range of side effects (Respiratory depression) nausea and vomiting dogs, constipation, high dose horse and cats cause excitement, high dose antagonist analesic effect of low dose. General action Uses: it used provided analgesia before, during and after surgery Mixed with sedative drugs chemical control Premedications with anesthetic drugs Butrophenol: Morphine Pethidine Fentanyl

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany Hydromorphone 0.10 to 0.20 mg/kg Oxymorphone 0.05 to 0.10 mg/kg Morphine 0.50 to 1.0 mg/kg Fentanyl 0.005 to 0.010 mg/kg

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany Butorphanol (only) General Description Mixed agonist/antagonist opioid with short duration and very mild sedative effects Patient selection Recommended use In patients where: Acepromazine use is a concern Some analgesia and mild sedation is desired

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany Cautionary information The duration of analgesic effect is very short 45 to 60 minutes in the dog 60 to 90 minutes in the cat Dosage Dog 0.10 to 0.40 mg/kg (0.05 to 0.2 mg/lb) Cat 0.10 to 0.40 mg/kg (0.05 to 0.2 mg/lb) Increased dosages are NOT associated with an increase in analgesia Doses exceeding 0.4 mg/kg (0.2 mg/lb) can cause undesirable excitatory effects Routes of administration IV, IM, or SC

Lectures in Veterinary Anesthesia Muneer S. Al-Badrany General Pharmacology of Parental anesthetic agent The intravenous anesthetics are particularly useful for the induction of anesthesia which is to be continued by an inhalation technique, or where anesthesia of only short duration is required. A significant difference between the intravenous anesthetics and those given by inhalation is that the action of intravenous agents is not as quickly reversible because unlike the inhalation agents they cannot be recovered from the patient.