Aim: Did the rise of nationalism in Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire have to lead to WWI? Periods 4 – 5

I The Austrian-Hungarian Empire “The Dual Empire” The Austro-Hungarian empire was formed in 1867 by a compromise between Vienna and Budapest. Franz Josef was its 1st emperor, though he was first crowned as king both of Austria and Hungary. Each of the empire’s two monarchies had their own parliament, prime ministers, cabinet and a degree of self-government.

Emperor Franz Joseph (1830 – 1916) Reigned for 66 years! Ruled 1848 – 1916. His only son, Rudolf, committed suicide in 1889, and his wife, Elisabeth, was assassinated in Geneva in 1898 by an Italian anarchist. His brother Karl Ludwig died from drinking contaminated water, while his other brother, Maximilian, was executed in 1867 by a Mexican firing squad after an ill-fated three-year reign as the country’s emperor. After all this, Karl Ludwig’s son, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, emerged as his uncle’s heir.

Austria-Hungary Continued: Economy & Military Economy: Like Germany, went through a significant period of industrial growth and modernization in the late 1800s. The National Austro-Hungarian Bank was formed. Manufacturing and industrial production grew in the west, while the east produced most of the Dual Monarchy’s food. The imperial government invested heavily in railway infrastructure Military: Austria-Hungary had a powerful modernized army, though its was effectiveness was undermined by internal political and ethnic divisions, such as language barriers between officers and their men.

Above Left: Bohemia Above Right: Dalmatian Coast Bottom Left: Insbruck Bottom Right: Bram Castle, Transylvania

Austrians are German speaking. Catholicism is the majority religion.

Serbians are Slavic. Most live in the nation state of Serbia (with a minority in disputed Kosovo), as well as Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. They form significant minorities in Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia. Most are Orthodox Christian.

Hungarians trace their origins to the Magyars (from central Asia) and speak Hungarian. Many live in neighboring Romania, Austria, Slovakia, and Serbia. The majority religion is Catholicism, but there are also many Protestants, and Jews. Above right: Hungarian Jews

Most Bosnians are Muslim. Above right: Muslims in Sarajevo.

Czechs are Slavic. The dominant religion is Catholicism.

II The Ottoman Empire “The Sick Man of Europe”

Armenians were the 1st nation to make Christianity their official religion (4th century CE). They’re also known for their ceramics. Right: Armenian Church, Jerusalem.

Empire in Decline: The Eastern Question: Like the Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries and controlled a vast multiethnic territory including Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, and Jews. The Empire had been in decline since late 1600s due to failure to modernize, declining trade, and weak rulers. Empire in Decline: By the early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could not defend self against independence movement, external threats 1830, Greece had gained independence; Russia controlled Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled The Eastern Question: Situation created “Eastern Question”—what would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed? Russia wanted Constantinople, access to Mediterranean French, British aided Ottoman Empire, held Russia off

Ottoman Empire : The Crimean War 1853-1856 Causes: Russian pressure on Turkey threatened British interests in SW Asia and India. France used the war to cement an alliance with Britain. After demanding Russian evacuation of the Danubian Principalities, British and French forces laid siege to the city of Sevastopol in 1854. Consequences: The Peace of Paris, signed on March 30, 1856, was mediated by Austria. preserved Ottoman rule in Turkey, crippled Russia, facilitated the unification of Germany, and revealed the power of Britain. Florence Nightingale served as a nurse during the Crimean War.

The Russo-Turkish War 1877-78 Russia wanted to recover the losses of the Crimean War. After the Russo-Turkish war of 1877-78, the Ottomans were defeated.

Turkey and Russia Playing a Game of Strategy, 1877

Ottoman Empire Continued: Congress of Berlin The Congress of Berlin (June 13 - July 13, 1878) was a meeting of the European Great Powers' and the Ottoman Empire's leading statesmen in Berlin in 1878 to reorganize the countries of the Balkans. It was led by Otto von Bismarck. Causes: To pay for the Crimean War, the Sultan had taken out large loans from European Banks. In 1875, he had defaulted on payment. Consequences: 1) Independence of 3 Balkan states; Romania, Serbia and Montenegro. 2) Bulgaria split into 3; The Principality of Bulgaria, Eastern Rumelia & Macedonia. The latter two states were given back to Turkey. 3)Russia lost some land previously gained from the Russo-Turkish War. 4) Bosnia now part of Austria- Hungarian empire.

Ottoman Empire Continued: Greece Greece’s war for independence (1821 – 1832) was supported by Russia, France, and Great Britain. Greece gained independence 1832. Odysseas Androutsos was a war hero of the Greek War for Independence.

Ottoman Empire: Later Losses 1881 France gained control of Algiers and made Tunis a protectorate. 1914 Britain gained control of Cyprus, strengthening their control on shipping in the Mediterranean Sea. *Except for Istanbul the remainder of the empire was now in Asia. Algiers Cyprus

Ottoman Empire Continued: Political Reform Young Turks: Advocates for a militantly secular Turkish national state as well as for “Turkification” of ethnic minorities. Tanzimat (Reorganization) Reforms (1839 – 1876): Stop corruption in the central government. Take away power from the ulama (educated Muslim scholars) by creating secular schools. Codification of Ottoman laws making it easier for foreigners to do business in the empire. Equality for all men regardless of religion or ethnicity. *NO mention of women Changed military headgear from caps to the fez.

Ottoman Empire Continued: Economics The Ottomans no longer controlled trade from Asia to Europe. A new global economy, built on Atlantic/Pacific trade routes bypassed Istanbul. Foreigners were granted “extraterritoriality,” the right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their own country rather than those of their host country. Resentment against foreign investments and the imposed trade privileges unprofitable for the Ottomans, caused the Empire to ally with Germany and become part of the Central Powers of World War I.

Ottoman Empire Continued: Economics Germany invested in a railway from Baghdad to Berlin (The Orient Express).

Ottoman Empire Continued: Social As the economy declined, some groups scapegoated (blamed) others for their problems. Armenians, a Christian minority, living and working in Anatolia were blamed.  Armenian Genocide (1915 – early 1920s) 2 million Armenians lived in the Ottoman Empire at the time of the massacre. By the early 1920s, some 1.5 million of Turkey’s Armenians were dead, with many more forcibly removed from the country. Turkey still refuses to label this event a genocide. Genocide: the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.

Armenian Genocide

Summary Questions 1. Analyze the effects of nationalism within the Austro-Hungarian Empire between 1815 – 1914. (2 paragraphs only) 2. Analyze the effects of nationalism within the Ottoman Empire between 1815 – 1914. (2 paragraphs only) 4. Go to the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute website. Read any survivor’s personal story. Write a short summary (1 paragraph) and your reaction and/or thoughts (1 paragraph). http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/personal_histories.php 5. Was WWI inevitable due to increasing nationalism? (1 paragraph only)

Key Vocabulary Armenian Genocide Armenians Austro-Hungarian Empire Bosnians Congress of Berlin 1878 Crimean War Czechs Dual Monarchy Extraterritoriality Franz Josef Greek War for Independence Hungarians Orient Express Ottoman Empire Russo-Turkish War Serbians Tanzimat Reforms Young Turks