Physical Geography Human Geography Canada Physical Geography Human Geography

Landforms Mountains in the eastern and western edges surround a central area of plains. The Pacific Ranges in the west were formed through tectonic activity and includes the Cascade Range and Coast Range The Appalaichans are North America’s oldest mountain range and extend south through the US.

East of the Rockies the land falls and flattens to form The Great Plains and Interior Lowlands

The Canadian Shield, a giant core of rock anchoring the continent makes up the eastern half of Canada and parts of the northeastern US.

Water Systems The Mackenzie River Flows from the Great Slave Lake and Empties into the Arctic Ocean. http://www.animalplanet.com/tv-shows/ice-lake-rebels/videos/on-thin-ice/ Located in Canada’s Northwest Territory hundreds of kilometers from the nearest population center, the Great Slave Lake is not a popular tourist destination.  It’s the remnant of a huge post-glacial lake that once occupied this part of Canada.  In winter, large tractor trailers drive across the frozen surface on ice roads.

St. Lawrence River Flows from Lake Ontario toward the Atlantic Ocean and forms part of Canada’s border with the US.

The Fraser River Flows southwest to the Pacific just south of Vancouver.

Niagra Falls https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oia9M-EG3V8

Southern Canada is characterized by different biomes which feature wide variations in Climate vegetation

Between the Pacific and Rocky Mountain Ranges a rain shadow leads to a Drier climate.

Lack of direct sunlight in the northern region leads to Subarctic Tundra Ice cap climates And year round freezing temperatures

Natural Resources Energy Minerals Timber Fish Wealthy nation

French explorers came first Early 1600s Jacques Cartier – St. Lawrence River-- founded Quebec Named Canada after Kanata the Huron-Iroquois name for village British came seeking a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean in 1670. Henry Hudson– founded Hudson Bay https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grWQwf58a9U All were searching for a northwest passage from Europe to Asia– neither were successful https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy0GjZH0EuY

British won control of New France in 1763 Passed Quebec Act 1774 Gave French settlers the right to keep their language, religion, and laws. Extended Canadian territory south to Ohio River, into American colonies.

Dominion of Canada Partially self governing country Close ties to Great Britain Gained full independence in 1931 British government kept right to approve changes to the constitution until 1982. 1982 became constitutional monarchy. The Crown, the Senate and the House of Commons 1964 Canadian Flag was adopted

French speaking Canadians seek greater protection for their language and culture Many desire Quebec’s independence and strongly support separatism. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29077213

French speaking Canadians seek greater protection for their language and culture Many desire Quebec’s independence and strongly support separatism.

Nunavut Separate territory Homeland of the Inuit people Because of decrease in demand for fur and energy and mining activities The Inuit rely heavily on government services and help Food? http://www.theatlantic.com/video/ index/394583/nunavut-hunter- gatherer-society-runs-out-food/

Loyalists American colonists who remained loyal to the British government and fled to Canada after the American Revolution. They settled in the Maritime Provinces (East Coast) Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island

Population Density 90% of Canadians live within 100 miles of the US-Canadian border. Densest populated areas are near the coasts, the Great Lakes, and in places that support Agriculture, fishing, and trade

Language Canada’s official languages are: French English

The Arts Influenced by native and European cultures Highly regarded arts scene: Toronto Symphony Orchestra https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=pqkw_Qcxm2c National Ballet Canada https://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=so6CjBsMUIc

Women and Families Average 3 members of Canadian family Canada passed several laws protecting women’s rights The Status of Women in Canada SWC- 1971- increased women’s participation and equality in all aspects of life Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom- 1982- ensured gender equality in employment, public life, and education Woman have same literacy rate as men Outnumber men in getting secondary and university level educations Still have barriers in equality in the labor market

Economic Activities Free market economy 2nd largest oil reserves in the world, export a lot of oil and natural gas NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement Trade agreement that links the Canadian economy to the global economy 76% of employed Canadians work in the service sector of the economy, rather than in natural resources and trade

Did not suffer as much during the 2008 global recession because Canadian banks were more conservative in giving out mortgages. Has one of the smallest deficits (debts) in the Western world.