SAXO Institute Interdisciplinary Symposium Food Population and health Royal Academy of Sciences and Lettres 22 September 2014 Mortality in 19th century Madrid and Copenhagen based in aggregated and individual-level data Bárbara Revuelta-Eugercios SAXO-Institute Bio-History Research Group lwq600@hum.ku.dk Project undertaken within a Mobilex Mobility Grant, financed by the Danish Council for Independent Research and FP7 Marie Curie Actions- COFUND (DFF-1321-00136).

Marmot 2003; Link & Phelan 1995; Cassel 1967 SAXO Institute The evolution of SES mortality differences in the past The Industrial Revolution CONSTANCY Marmot 2003; Link & Phelan 1995; Cassel 1967 The poor die more DIVERGENCE-CONVERGENCE Antonovsky 1967 DIVERGENCE (Riley 2001; Woods & Sheldon 2000) Similar mortality The rich die more 1800 1900 2000 København, 22 September 2014

Richness of aggregated sources and contemporaries’ accounts SAXO Institute Richness of aggregated sources and contemporaries’ accounts BUT with serious limitations København, 22 September 2014

The ecological fallacy SAXO Institute Limitations of aggregated data The ecological fallacy STATES High % Inmigrants and High Literacy rate INDIVIDUAL Inmigrants had a higher literacy rate LOWER Why aren’t they the same? Migrants settled in states with higher literacy rates Mismatch of numerators and denominators False homogeneity København, 22 September 2014

The promise of linked individual data SAXO Institute The promise of linked individual data Move Mother death Marriage Miscarriage Child death Husband death Child marries Child migrates 2nd marriage Father death Birth Birth Death Birth Birth 1875 1895 1885 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 Her father Her mother Maria Her husband Her children København Frederiksberg København, 22 September 2014

SAXO Institute The gains Reaching the people without history and the most basic aspects of their lives: tension vs. agency and constraints Contextualizing people and lives in households and families Implementing the life course approach in historical research: studying how different events at different times affected their lives Tracking changes over generations Comparing with other settings ONGOING WORK IN THIS DIRECTION Scania & Sundsvall valley (Sweden) Alghero, Casuguidi and Madregolo (Italy) Quebec (Canada) Geneva (Switzerland) Netherlands HPS (Netherlands) Derbyshire (England) Rosny-sous-Boi (France) TRA (France) COR for Antwerp (Belgium) Norway Population Registry (Norway) Transilvania Population History Aranjuez (Spain) … www.ehps.edu København, 22 September 2014

The reasonable of limits of the individual-level data: size and scope SAXO Institute The reasonable of limits of the individual-level data: size and scope Little variability No full effects of modernization process - Rural areas or small towns Impossible to study scarce events Uncertainty in results - Small number of events Unrepresentativeness of particular groups Uncertainty in results - Sample selection bias København, 22 September 2014

SAXO Institute AIM To explore and understand how socio-economic differences arose in the particular lives of individuals and to what extent they were mediated by other individual and contextual characteristics HOW Linked individual level data Household level information+vital events Two major European cities: Wide variability Sufficient numbers Full coverage But… Reduced length of study: 3-5 years A Tale of two Cities: inequality in death in Copenhagen and Madrid in late 19th and early 20th century. København, 22 September 2014

FOUNDLING HOSPITAL OF MADRID DATABASE LISTING OF INHABITANTS SAXO Institute For Madrid HISDATA-MAD EVENTS OTHER SOURCES POPULATION CIVIL REGISTRATION Births 1905-6 Deaths 1905-6 FOUNDLING HOSPITAL OF MADRID DATABASE LISTING OF INHABITANTS 1/2 OTHER METADATA & DATA www.idehistoricamadrid.es HGIS København, 22 September 2014

Census Census 1880 1885 The Copenhagen Historical Population Database SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database Census 1880 Census 1885 København, 22 September 2014

Census Census 1880 1885  Scanned  Transcribed SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database Census records Census 1880 Census 1885  Scanned  Transcribed København, 22 September 2014

Census Census 1880 1885 The Copenhagen Historical Population Database SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database Census 1880 Census 1885 Deaths 1880-1885 København, 22 September 2014

Census Census 1880 1885  Scanned  Transcribed SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database Death certificates Census 1880 Census 1885 Deaths 1880-1885  Scanned  Transcribed København, 22 September 2014

Census Census 1880 1885 The Copenhagen Historical Population Database SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database Census 1880 Census 1885 Migration 1880-1885 Deaths 1880-1885 København, 22 September 2014

Census Census 1880 1885  Scanned  Transcribed SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database Police Migration Records Census 1880 Census 1885 Migration 1880-1885 Deaths 1880-1885  Scanned  Transcribed København, 22 September 2014

Census Census 1880 1885 The Copenhagen Historical Population Database SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database Births 1880 Census 1880 Census 1885 Migration 1880-1885 Deaths 1880-1885 København, 22 September 2014

Census Census 1880 1885  Scanned Transcribed SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database Parish Books Births 1880 Census 1880 Census 1885 Migration 1880-1885 Deaths 1880-1885  Scanned Transcribed København, 22 September 2014

Reconstruction of partial lifecourses in Copenhagen, 1880-1885 SAXO Institute Reconstruction of partial lifecourses in Copenhagen, 1880-1885 51-54 45-50 45-50 40-44 SAME INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLD INFORMATION CENSUS INFORMATION Age Sex Marital status HH position Occupation Rent Place of birth Place of residence Religion Disabilities … For infants: Parents, family connections, etc 40-44 35-39 35-39 30-34 30-34 25-29 25-29 DEATH (causes of death) 20-24 20-24 15-19 15-19 MIGRATION 10-14 - Socio-economic differences in mortality - Nuanced view of life and death in the city - Focus on vulnerable populations - International comparison 10-14 5-9 5-9 Also study of infant and early childhood 0-5 0-5 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 København, 22 September 2014

SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database: Extension I Marriages 1800-1885 Births 1880-85 Births 1880 Census 1880 Census 1885 Migration 1880-1885 Deaths 1880-1885 København, 22 September 2014

POLITIETS REGISTERBLADE SAXO Institute The Copenhagen Historical Population Database: Extension II Hospital records Company records School records Copenhangen Historical Population Database 1880-1885 Union records Conscription records University records Tax records Insurance records Survey information POLITIETS REGISTERBLADE HGIS København, 22 September 2014 København, 11 September 2014 Slide 20

Bárbara Revuelta-Eugercios SAXO Institute A Tale of two Cities: inequality in death in Copenhagen and Madrid in late 19th and early 20th century. Thank you! Bárbara Revuelta-Eugercios lwq600@hum.ku.dk København, 22 September 2014