LIFE OF THE ROARING 1920’s Chapter 13

Urbanization Continues New York, Chicago, Philadelphia become major cities “Urban Sprawl” In 1920 the census showed that for the first time, more Americans live in cities and towns over farms an rural areas Urban values come in conflict with conservative Rural ideals Prohibition was in part to blame for this clash

Conflicts between Urban and Rural Busy, flamboyant lifestyle in the city Slower, more conservative lifestyle in the country Prohibition Education Religion

PROHIBITION was a ban on alcoholic beverages set forth in the 18th amendment. It took effect in 1920. Most support for prohibition came from religious rural white Protestants.

The government didn’t have enough officers to enforce Prohibition.

SPEAKEASIES In cities, people flocked to these hidden saloons & nightclubs that served liquor illegally.

BOOTLEGGERS (Smugglers) People bought liquor from these smugglers who brought it in from Canada & the Caribbean. Created a chain of corruption by bribing police officers & judges.

The belief Reality The economy remained the same Jobs were lost Crime increased People still drank People built a disrespect for law The economy would benefit from Prohibition Crime would decrease People would have more time to be productive More would be produced Families would be happier More products would be purchased with former booze money

ORGANIZED CRIME: Prohibition caused a general disrespect for the law. It caused lots of $ to flow out of lawful businesses & into organized crime. Underground gangs took over the illegal booze markets Chicago’s Al Capone

Rise in crime & violence led many to demand the repeal of prohibition. By the middle of the decade, only 19% of Americans supported it. Prohibition was repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933.

SCIENCE & RELIGION CLASH…. The SCOPES TRIAL

Christian fundamentalists rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. According to that theory, plant & animal species had developed over millions of years.

Fundamentalists did not want evolution taught in schools… In 1925, Tennessee passed a law making it a crime to teach evolution. John Scopes (Tennessee) openly teaches evolution

The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow to defend Scopes. William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor. Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan chat in court during the trial.

The ban on teaching evolution remained a law in Tennessee. Scopes was found guilty. His conviction was later overturned by the state Supreme Court. The ban on teaching evolution remained a law in Tennessee. Judge Raulston delivers a ruling

THE TWENTIES WOMAN

FLAPPERS These were young women who held new independent attitudes & liked the sophisticated new fashions of the day.

Flappers wore make-up, short skirts, short hair, & lots of jewelry.

Flappers often smoked cigarettes & drank alcohol in public Flappers often smoked cigarettes & drank alcohol in public. went dancing to new jazz music.

Most Women were NOT Flappers: Many felt torn old & new values. There was also a “double standard”… Women had to have more strict standards of behavior than men did.

Women in the workplace after WW I When the men returned from WW I they moved back into the professions of nurse, teachers, and social work Due to the increase in big business, many became secretaries Still lacked equality in the work place even though they made up ¼ of the workforce

Many others also became salesclerks in stores…. Many women worked on assembly lines in factories. Many others also became salesclerks in stores….

In the 20’s, high schools offered vocational training for industrial jobs. They also offered home economics for future homemakers.

MASSIVE INCREASES IN THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS GOING TO HIGH SCHOOL. In 1914, only 1 million Americans went to high school after elementary school. In 1926, the number was nearly 4 million.

As literacy increased, Newspaper circulation rose. National magazines were also popular.

EDUCATION & POPULAR CULTURE

Entertainment and the Arts The popularity of Movies and Music Explodes George Gershwin: popular concert music composer of jazz Georgia O’Keefe: used intense colors in her popular art of New York

Writers in the 1920’s F. Scott Fitzgerald: Coined the term “The Jazz Age” to describe the 1920’s, wrote the Great Gatsby Edna St. Vincent Millay: wrote about youth and life free of societal constraints Ernest Hemingway: former WW I soldier who criticized war in his writings Sinclair Lewis: 1st American to win the Nobel Prize in lit

RADIO BECOMES THE MOST POWERFUL MASS MEDIA. By 1930, about 40% of American households had radios Radio networks w/stations in many cities were formed in the 20’s News, politics, radio “shows”, pop culture, advertising are all effected by this

“Talkies”…Movies w/sound…. https://search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?p=steamboat+willie&ei=UTF-8&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-001 “The Jazz Singer”, the 1st movie w/sound in 1927. Walt Disney’s “Steamboat Willie”, was the 1st animated film w/sound in 1928.

Heroes & Famous People of the 20’s….

Gertude Ederle 1926 at the age of 19, she is first women to swim the English Channel

Charles Lindbergh Thrilled the nation by becoming the 1st person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

Babe Ruth The lure and excitement of America’s Pastime continues Babe made homerun hitting the new art His personality defined the era In 1927 he broke the homerun record with 60 in one season (would last till 1998

Andrew “Rube” Foster Established the Negro National League “Father of Black Baseball”

The great migration The “Great Migration” had led to an increase in African American populations in the north Between 1910-1920 Not really welcomed in the North anymore than the South THE RED SUMMER In the Summer of 1919, over 25 urban race riots

African-American Goals The 1920’s was a time that AA’s targeted for change in race relations James Weldon Johnson: helped get a series of anitlynching laws passed Marcus Garvey Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association Recruited believers with the idea of AA’s building their own society Encouraged blacks to go to Africa and take it back Newly awakened black pride and African ties

Harlem Renaissance A literary and artistic movement celebrating African-American culture Langston Hughes: the movements best known poet Louis Armstrong: famous jazz musician from this era Some argue the movement set AA’s back due to the arts primitive images and racial stereotypes