16 Adaptive Immunity

Which of the following statements best describes the level of specificity involved in an adaptive immune response? Responses are so specific that if a new pathogen invades the body, the adaptive immune system is ineffective. Adaptive immune responses are basically the same as innate immune responses. There is a general set of responses that can be used against generalized pathogen antigens. Responses are precisely tailored against specific pathogens. Answer: D) Responses are precisely tailored against specific pathogens.

Which of the following statements best describes the level of specificity involved in an adaptive immune response? Responses are so specific that if a new pathogen invades the body, the adaptive immune system is ineffective. Adaptive immune responses are basically the same as innate immune responses. There is a general set of responses that can be used against generalized pathogen antigens. Responses are precisely tailored against specific pathogens. Answer: D) Responses are precisely tailored against specific pathogens.

What is the role of T lymphocytes in adaptive immunity? to carry out antibody immune responses to carry out cell-mediated immune responses to act against intracellular pathogens both b and c Answer: D) both b and c

What is the role of T lymphocytes in adaptive immunity? to carry out antibody immune responses to carry out cell-mediated immune responses to act against intracellular pathogens both b and c Answer: D) both b and c

What is the main function of B lymphocytes? to secrete soluble antibodies to attack intracellular pathogens to activate T lymphocytes to activate antigen-presenting cells Answer: A) to secrete soluble antibodies

What is the main function of B lymphocytes? to secrete soluble antibodies to attack intracellular pathogens to activate T lymphocytes to activate antigen-presenting cells Answer: A) to secrete soluble antibodies

Which class of antibody is most commonly associated with mucous membranes and secretions? IgE IgD IgM IgA Answer: D) IgA

Which class of antibody is most commonly associated with mucous membranes and secretions? IgE IgD IgM IgA Answer: D) IgA

What type of lymphocyte is responsible for killing abnormal or virus-infected cells? B lymphocyte helper T cell cytotoxic T cell plasma cell Answer: C) cytotoxic T cell

What type of lymphocyte is responsible for killing abnormal or virus-infected cells? B lymphocyte helper T cell cytotoxic T cell plasma cell Answer: C) cytotoxic T cell

Which of the following cells is NOT an antigen-presenting cell (APC)? macrophage neutrophil B cell dendritic cell Answer: B) neutrophil

Which of the following cells is NOT an antigen-presenting cell (APC)? macrophage neutrophil B cell dendritic cell Answer: B) neutrophil

All of the following are true of dendritic cells EXCEPT ________. they only process endogenous antigens they are found under the surface of the skin and mucous membranes they migrate to the lymph nodes after acquiring antigen they are involved in antigen presentation Answer: A) they only process endogenous antigens

All of the following are true of dendritic cells EXCEPT ________. they only process endogenous antigens they are found under the surface of the skin and mucous membranes they migrate to the lymph nodes after acquiring antigen they are involved in antigen presentation Answer: A) they only process endogenous antigens

What is the difference between processing of endogenous antigens and that of exogenous antigens? If there are endogenous antigens present, the cell undergoes apoptosis. Endogenous antigens are presented to B cells, while exogenous antigens are presented to T cells. Endogenous antigens are presented by MHC class II, exogenous by MHC class I. Endogenous antigens are presented by MHC class I, exogenous by MHC class II. Answer: D) Endogenous antigens are presented by MHC class I, exogenous by MHC class II.

What is the difference between processing of endogenous antigens and that of exogenous antigens? If there are endogenous antigens present, the cell undergoes apoptosis. Endogenous antigens are presented to B cells, while exogenous antigens are presented to T cells. Endogenous antigens are presented by MHC class II, exogenous by MHC class I. Endogenous antigens are presented by MHC class I, exogenous by MHC class II. Answer: D) Endogenous antigens are presented by MHC class I, exogenous by MHC class II.

What must happen before exogenous antigens are presented? Enzymes are excreted by the APC to kill the pathogen. The pathogen is internalized by the APC and then digested to create peptide antigens. They must be combined with MHC class I molecules. APCs must activate B cells. Answer: B) The pathogen is internalized by the APC and then digested to create peptide antigens.

What must happen before exogenous antigens are presented? Enzymes are excreted by the APC to kill the pathogen. The pathogen is internalized by the APC and then digested to create peptide antigens. They must be combined with MHC class I molecules. APCs must activate B cells. Answer: B) The pathogen is internalized by the APC and then digested to create peptide antigens.

Where within a cell are MHC class I molecules synthesized? cytoplasmic membrane Golgi body endoplasmic reticulum nucleus Answer: C) endoplasmic reticulum

Where within a cell are MHC class I molecules synthesized? cytoplasmic membrane Golgi body endoplasmic reticulum nucleus Answer: C) endoplasmic reticulum

Why does the body mount a cell-mediated immune response? to fight intracellular pathogens to fight abnormal body cells in response to specific endogenous antigens all of the above Answer: D) all of the above

Why does the body mount a cell-mediated immune response? to fight intracellular pathogens to fight abnormal body cells in response to specific endogenous antigens all of the above Answer: D) all of the above

Viruses and some intracellular bacteria induce dendritic cells to secrete ________ to stimulate differentiation of T cells to Th1 cells. TNF IFN IL-12 perforin Answer: C) IL-12

Viruses and some intracellular bacteria induce dendritic cells to secrete ________ to stimulate differentiation of T cells to Th1 cells. TNF IFN IL-12 perforin Answer: C) IL-12

Which of the following is NOT used by cytotoxic T cells to kill cells infected with pathogenic microbes? perforin granzymes CD95L lectins Answer: D) lectins

Which of the following is NOT used by cytotoxic T cells to kill cells infected with pathogenic microbes? perforin granzymes CD95L lectins Answer: D) lectins

Where in the body do APCs go to present endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells? lymph nodes thymus spleen bone marrow Answer: A) lymph nodes

Where in the body do APCs go to present endogenous antigens to cytotoxic T cells? lymph nodes thymus spleen bone marrow Answer: A) lymph nodes

What is the benefit of memory T cells that remain in the lymphoid tissues for years after an infection? They are readily available for quick antibody production. They are readily available for activation by APCs. They provide a quick response without the need for interaction with APCs. Memory T cells are not beneficial. Answer: C) They provide a quick response without the need for interaction with APCs.

What is the benefit of memory T cells that remain in the lymphoid tissues for years after an infection? They are readily available for quick antibody production. They are readily available for activation by APCs. They provide a quick response without the need for interaction with APCs. Memory T cells are not beneficial. Answer: C) They provide a quick response without the need for interaction with APCs.

How are B cells activated without the help of T cells? This cannot happen. Repetitive epitopes allow B cell receptor cross- linking, which leads to cell activation and proliferation. B cells get help from the complement system. B cells get help from macrophages instead. Answer: B) Repetitive epitopes allow B cell receptor cross-linking, which leads to cell activation and proliferation.

How are B cells activated without the help of T cells? This cannot happen. Repetitive epitopes allow B cell receptor cross-linking, which leads to cell activation and proliferation. B cells get help from the complement system. B cells get help from macrophages instead. Answer: B) Repetitive epitopes allow B cell receptor cross-linking, which leads to cell activation and proliferation.

How are T-dependent antigens different from T-independent antigens? T-dependent antigens are most commonly bacterial flagella. T-dependent antigens are most commonly bacterial LPS. T-dependent antigens have more repetitive epitopes. T-dependent antigens lack large, repetitive epitopes. Answer: D) T-dependent antigens lack large, repetitive epitopes.

How are T-dependent antigens different from T-independent antigens? T-dependent antigens are most commonly bacterial flagella. T-dependent antigens are most commonly bacterial LPS. T-dependent antigens have more repetitive epitopes. T-dependent antigens lack large, repetitive epitopes. Answer: D) T-dependent antigens lack large, repetitive epitopes.

IL-4 is involved in ________. B cell suppression differentiation of naive T cells to Th2 cells MHC class switching systemic inflammation Answer: B) differentiation of naive T cells to Th2 cells

IL-4 is involved in ________. B cell suppression differentiation of naive T cells to Th2 cells MHC class switching systemic inflammation Answer: B) differentiation of naive T cells to Th2 cells

Which statement regarding memory B cells is most accurate? They last 2–3 weeks in lymphoid tissues. Their main function is to constantly secrete antibodies. They can last up to 20 years in lymphoid tissues. They activate T cells upon a reinfection event. Answer: C) They can last up to 20 years in lymphoid tissues.

Which statement regarding memory B cells is most accurate? They last 2–3 weeks in lymphoid tissues. Their main function is to constantly secrete antibodies. They can last up to 20 years in lymphoid tissues. They activate T cells upon a reinfection event. Answer: C) They can last up to 20 years in lymphoid tissues.

Why is Haemophilus influenzae type B rare in adults but sometimes acquired by children? because T-dependent responses are stunted in children because children lack cytotoxic T cells because B cells are not fully developed in children because adults produce a capsule that stimulates a response Answer: C) because B cells are not fully developed in children

Why is Haemophilus influenzae type B rare in adults but sometimes acquired by children? because T-dependent responses are stunted in children because children lack cytotoxic T cells because B cells are not fully developed in children because adults produce a capsule that stimulates a response Answer: C) because B cells are not fully developed in children

Immunity that is passed from mother to child through the placenta is what type of immunity? naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity Answer: B) naturally acquired passive immunity

Immunity that is passed from mother to child through the placenta is what type of immunity? naturally acquired active immunity naturally acquired passive immunity artificially acquired active immunity artificially acquired passive immunity Answer: B) naturally acquired passive immunity

Which of the following is an example of artificially acquired active immunity? receiving an antiserum injection receiving an antitoxin injection vaccination exposure to a pathogen in the environment Answer: C) vaccination

Which of the following is an example of artificially acquired active immunity? receiving an antiserum injection receiving an antitoxin injection vaccination exposure to a pathogen in the environment Answer: C) vaccination

What class of antibody is able to cross the placenta from mother to developing fetus? IgG IgM IgE IgA Answer: A) IgG

What class of antibody is able to cross the placenta from mother to developing fetus? IgG IgM IgE IgA Answer: A) IgG

Which type of immunity develops with the help of donor antibodies? active immunity passive immunity active and passive immunity neither active nor passive immunity Answer: B) passive immunity

Which type of immunity develops with the help of donor antibodies? active immunity passive immunity active and passive immunity neither active nor passive immunity Answer: B) passive immunity

What is one reason why active immunity is more advantageous than passive immunity? Passive is always better. Active immunity leads to the development of immunological memory. Active immunity is fast-acting. Active immunity is slower and less likely to produce mistakes. Answer: B) Active immunity leads to the development of immunological memory.

What is one reason why active immunity is more advantageous than passive immunity? Passive is always better. Active immunity leads to the development of immunological memory. Active immunity is fast-acting. Active immunity is slower and less likely to produce mistakes. Answer: B) Active immunity leads to the development of immunological memory.

Which of the following is NOT a function of an antibody? to make cytoplasmic membranes more permeable through the stimulation of IL-10 to activate complement to stimulate phagocytosis by opsonization to block bacterial adhesion molecules Answer: A) to make cytoplasmic membranes more permeable through the stimulation of IL-10

Which of the following is NOT a function of an antibody? to make cytoplasmic membranes more permeable through the stimulation of IL-10 to activate complement to stimulate phagocytosis by opsonization to block bacterial adhesion molecules Answer: A) to make cytoplasmic membranes more permeable through the stimulation of IL-10