Lab #1 Due Friday September 2nd Beginning of Class You MUST get a lab packet in class Wednesday or from Matt or Bill before it’s due, unless you have the book.

Tips for labs Don’t wait until the last minute Look over problems before Wednesdays and come to class with questions. Come to office hours for help! Work with other students, but do your own work! Show all of your work!

Covers Lectures 1 - 3 Topics Covered: Geography Unit Conversion Isoplething Gradients Radiation in more detail -Stefan-Boltzmann Law -Wien’s Law -Incoming/Outgoing Radiation Budget

Problem #1 (Chapter 1, page 33) 1a. Using any United States map match state names to the corresponding numbers 1b. Name state(s) where the following geographic features are located (use the internet). Example: Mojave Desert California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah

Problem #4 (Chapter 1, Page 36) Use conversions on this page to convert absolute zero to °C and °F. Absolute zero = what in K? Convert absolute zero to °C first Then Convert °C to °F Don’t forget units in final answers!

Problem #7 (Chapter 1, page 38) Look at Problem 8 for examples of incorrect isopleths and reference page 17, figure 1.11 for tips on isoplething (included as part of lab). 7a. Draw the 30, 40, 50, and 60 isopleths. 7b. Again, isopleth using multiples of 10. Some isopleths will close in on themselves (looks like a mis-shaped circle or oval). Page 21, figure 1.16c has example of an isopleth that closes in on itself and is included as part of the lab.

7c. Draw isotherms on map of U.S. and Canada. Will have isotherms that close off Only isopleth where you have data Locate largest temperature gradient Label each isotherm

Isopleth Examples Most common weather maps will have some type of isopleth Common examples include Isotherm: temperature Isobar: pressure Isotach: wind speed Isodrosotherm: dew point

Problem #10 (Chapter 1, page 41) 10a. Calculate the gradient for lines AB, CD, and EF Gradients used to measure change in one variable over another This problem, Gradient of elevation = change in elevation/distance Distance for all paths = 40 km (change from book value of 30 km) Read full questions and don’t forget units

10a. cont’d Gradient from A to B ? A B - To compute gradient compute difference in height between point A and point B  3100 ft – 2500 ft = 600 ft Next divide the difference (600ft) by the distance between point A and point B (30km)  600ft/30 km = 20 ft/km So the gradient of AB is 20 ft/km

10c. Interpret what the gradient physically means 10d. Read question carefully Remember wind directions (East wind = blowing from East) Give reasoning behind your answers 10e. Follow same guidelines as part (d)

Problem 1 (Chapter 2, page 75) Stefan-Boltzmann Equation, E = σ x T4 where, E = energy emitted by object, σ = constant, and T = temperature of object Don’t forget to convert to kelvin Ratio is simply, Energy Sun/Energy Earth 1b. Apply Stefan-Boltzmann equation Example of Stefan Boltzmann Law - What is the ratio of energy emitted per unit area of a campfire and a human body. Assume the average temperatures of the objects are 600°C and 37°C respectively. - ( Note that σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4) First convert 600°C and 32°C to Kelvin.  600°C +273 = 873 K, 32°C + 273 = 305 K Calculate energy of each object Campfire  E = 5.67x10-8 W/m2K4* (873K)4 = 3.29 x 104 W/m2 Body  E = 5.67x10-8 W/m2K4 * (305K)4 = 490.66 W/m2 Take ratio of E_Campfire/E_Body  answer is 67 to 1

1c. Read the question fully for clues Think of how our planet is heated Do further research Fully explain your answer

Problem 2 (chapter 2, page 75) Wien’s Law Amount of radiation an object emits depends on its temperature Wien’s law gives the wavelength of peak emission given an object’s temperature λ= 2897μm K/T, where λ= wavelength and T = temperature Make sure temperature is in Kelvin -200 +273.15 = 73.15 2897/73.15  answer is 39.6 micrometers

Wien’s Law Example Calculate the wavelength of maximum emissions for Neptune if the average temp is -200°C. Convert temperature to K Next write out equation Show canceling of K in the equation  2897μm K/ 73.15 K = 39.6

Problem 6 (chapter 2, Page 77) Incoming/Outgoing Radiation Budget Change temperature to 95°F (35°C) Big Hint: think of how much radiation is being emitted by the object Use past problems to help Is this more or less than what the object is absorbing? Interpret your results with reasoning

Biggest Tips for lab #1 Make sure you convert temperature to Kelvin Don’t forget units Read the questions fully, many have hints to help you Answer every question Give reasoning when asked to explain Come to office hours for help if needed

Meteo 003 Ta office hours LAB #1 Assignment Summary Feel free to email me your questions (mzw274@psu.edu) 2-3 PM 6th floor Walker Weather Center (room 606B) LAB #1 Assignment Summary Chapter 1: (1.1a,b) (1.4) (1.7a,b,c) (1.10a,c,d,e) Chapter 2: (2.1a,b,c) (2.2) (2.6)