Off-Road Equipment Management TSM 262: Spring 2016 INTRODUCTION Dr Alan C. Hansen Off-Road Equipment Engineering Dept of Agricultural and Biological Engineering achansen@illinois.edu

Structure of Class Introduction Course objectives and topics Lecture 1 Instructor/teaching assistant Roll call and survey (please return at end of class) Compass website Course syllabus and packet Grading policy Class attendance Academic integrity (honesty, trust, respect, fairness, responsibility) Course objectives and topics Lecture 1 Mechanization of agriculture Precision Agriculture Problem solving

Lab Policy and Lab Topics Safety issues Some labs split into 1-hour sessions Proposed lab topics (not fixed and not in order) Microsoft Excel Review Problem Solving and Machine Performance Engine Performance Tractor/Implement Matching Planter Evaluation Chemical Application Soil Compaction assessment at farm Auger Performance Machine Selection and Costing Technical Sessions

Assignments and Exams Homework Quizzes May be assigned at each lecture Due for hand-in Monday of following week Quizzes May be given approximately once a week Two one-hour exams and final exam Lab reports Technical session

Grading Activity Percentage Homework & quizzes 24 Lab reports 28 Hour exams (2) Final exam Notes: -10% penalty for each class period after due hand-in date for homework and lab report assignments. -Class attendance and participation correlates well with grades! Read notes in packet about course

Important Notes Academic integrity Students with disabilities FERPA

Homework and Lab Homework

Course Introduction Look at functions, performance, costing and selection of a range of agricultural machinery Want to split up the machine into processes, ie forage harvester

Objectives of course Students should be able to: Explain and analyze the function and performance of key off-road machine systems used in agricultural production Analyze the costs of machinery systems Select an optimal set of machinery for a given application Strong emphasis on problem solving Machinery management today requires an understanding of the impact of machinery use on the environment, e.g. soil compaction and erosion

Topics Machine performance Power production and transmission systems Crop planting systems Chemical application systems Tillage systems Ag material conveying systems Harvesting systems Machine selection, costing and management GPS and precision agriculture

Lecture 1: Objectives Students should be able to: Apply both US and metric units Understand the importance of agricultural mechanization and its contribution to society Understand what is meant by precision agriculture Understand the scope of OREM

Review of Units US to Metric Metric to US Both US and metric units will be used in this course, but mostly metric Refer to ASAE standard EP 285.7 Page _____ in Packet Compass in ASABE Standards folder

ASAE Standards EP285.7 Use of SI (Metric) Units Intended as a guide Rules for usage Recognition of some non-SI units (°C vs K, L for liter) Rules for rounding Table 2: Preferred units for expressing physical quantities (includes conversion factors) For example, from acre/h to ha/h

Machinery Systems Service Tool Tractor Bus Implement Bus Radar Wheel Speed DGPS RECEIVER Enhanced Cab Display Unit Display Tractor ECU AUX EDC TRCU PTO GOV ARU ICU GPS RS 232 Implement Bus Tractor/Implement Connector Diagnostic Connector Service Tool Multi Channel Controller Monitor Interface Unit Implement Status Frame Control Implement/Implement Connector Proprietary Vendor Bus Application Sensors Application Meters Variety Control Tractor Bus Terminator Electronic Controller Unit

Greatest Achievements of 20th Century 1. Electrification 2. Automobile 3. Airplane 4. Water Supply and Distribution 5. Electronics 6. Radio and Television 7. Agricultural Mechanization 8. Computers 9. Telephone 10. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration 11. Highways 12. Spacecraft 13. Internet 14. Imaging 15. Household Appliances 16. Health Technologies 17. Petroleum and Petrochemical Technologies 18. Laser and Fiber Optics 19. Nuclear Technologies 20. High-performance Materials

Reasons for Mechanization Reduction of drudgery Increase productivity Farmers and field hands to harvest a crop 1900-4 farmers several weeks to plant and to harvest a crop to feed 10 people 2000-Entire Midwestern crop is planted in 10 days and harvest in 20 days One farmer can produce enough food to feed 97 Americans and 32 people in other countries Reduce peak labor demands planting or harvesting

Example: Ox power vs single axle tractor power Versus Weight Traction Force Force-Weight Working Speed Power Output Working hours/day Energy output/day   kN N Ratio km/h mph kW MJ Oxen (x2) 9 700 0.08 3.24 2.03 0.63 6 14 Single-axle tractor (7.0 kW engine) 2.55 1600 5 3.13 2.22 8 64

Timeline- Agricultural Mechanization 1788 – Thomas Jefferson develops the theoretical basis for an improved moldboard plow. 1831 – Cyrus McCormick develops the reaper (Steeles Tavern, VA) 1837 – John Deere invents the self-scouring moldboard plough 1842 – Jerome Increase Case gained recognition as a builder of the steam engine for agricultural use. 1900 – Benjamin Holt develops the gas-powered tractor 1907 – Henry Ford built his first experimental tractor (600 tractors in use) 1911 – Case’s steam engine production peaked when the company produced its first gasoline powered tractor 1915 – Invention of the corn silage harvester 1916 – Production of the Fordson 1925 – Ben Holt merges with Best Tractor to form Caterpillar

Timeline- Agricultural Mechanization 1935 – Harry Ferguson develops the hydraulic draft control system 1943 – Rotary threshing 1950s – Theoretical basis for soil mechanics 1950 – 3.4 million tractors in use 1950-60s – Theory of soil dynamics of plows and other tillage implements 1956 – ROP’s structures to compensate for injuries 1970’s – Conservation tillage 1980’s – Introduction of E/H systems to tractors 1993 – Military cluster of satellites provides position information for civilian use. 1990’s- Proliferation of electronic controllers on agricultural equipment 2000-2010-???

Save labor for other industries 1787 - 90% of the US population lived on farms 1920 - 30% 1994 - less than 2%

Chemical used in US 110 million tons of fertilizer 116 million tons in Europe Farmers spend $7 billion on pesticide/year Challenges Over-application? Groundwater contamination and EPA

Future of agricultural mechanization Have we reached the limit of our potential or are there opportunities to increase productivity?

Summary Machinery selection and management is becoming more complex with increased technology and greater expectations for production Agricultural mechanization has played a major role in the development of mankind