The Cardiovascular System

Blood The only fluid Tissue Has both living and non-living components Living blood cells Elements Non living blood plasma

The Composition of Blood White blood cells 1% Immunity Red blood cells 44% Lack a nucleus Few organelles Basically sacs of Hemoglobin (an iron containing protein that transports oxygen that is carried in RBCs.) Plasma 55% Water Protein: ph buffers, clotting factors, fat transport Substances transported by blood electrolytes (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium)

Formed Elements Table pg. 299 Red blood cells – transport oxygen Leukocytes (WBC) – immunity Neutrophil: Phagocytes Monocyte: Phagocytes that are long term Lymphocyte: Produce antibodies Platelets – blood clotting

Anemia A decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of blood Abnormally low RBC count Hemoglobin deficiency (iron carrying molecule in blood) EX. Sickle-Cell Anemia: abnormal hemoglobin formed becomes spiky and sharp when the RBC’s unload the oxygen.

Polycythemia An excessive increase in the number of RBCs Some types of bone marrow cancer Living at high altitudes with less oxygen Q: why would this be a bad thing? So really the portion of the blood that is red blood cells increases for whatever reason Over transfusion Twin to twin Bone marrow cancer or disease People who live at higher altitudes and need more oxygen (legal blood doping) Gene mutation that doesn’t allow your cells to properly measure oxygen levels Treatments medications that can stop cell growth thus lower RBC numbers Removal of blood Why is this bad? - hypoxia or lack of blood to the body in general or to a specific place in the body - Blood clotting due to thicker blood - Slow moving blood because it is thicker - heart attack stroke -

Twin-to-twin transfusion

Blood Slides – Microscope Observation med high oil Sickle cell Lymph node Artery/vein Artery Blood Vain

Blood Type

Blood Type Antigen – a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies So we all have antigen proteins on the membranes of all our cells that make us unique (all living things). We also have antibodies that fight substances that don’t look like our bodies own antigens

Blood Type ABO Blood Antigens pg. 306 AB A B O Agglutinins Agglutinogens:

+/- in Blood Type + or – indicates the presence of another major membrane protein Rh If one parent is +, then the offspring will be +

Mixing Blood Types Erythrocyte destruction Agglutination: Clumping

Blood Vs. Plasma Plasma is a aqueous part of blood (55%) that contains all the clotting factors and dissolved solutes besides RBCs. People can volunteer or get paid to donate plasma Sold plasma cannot be put directly into another human. It is used to make other blood products and medications They separate blood from plasma so that they can use the plasma for blood products other then just transfusion. The RBC’s can still be used for blood transfutions

The Cardiovascular System Basic Overview The heart anatomy Flow

General Scheme Major Organs Heart Lungs Capillaries all over the body Arteries Veins

Arteries VS. Veins Veins Arteries Conduct blood to the heart under lower pressure Thinner and more stretchy than arteries Have valves to prevent reverse flow Arteries conduct blood away from the heart under high pressure Thicker and more organized

Secondary Organs Trachea (wind pipe) – Allow air in and out of the lungs Esophagus – Carry “stuff” from the mouth to the stomach Lungs – providing oxygen to the blood Diaphragm – The main muscle used in the process of breathing Phrenic N. – communicates with the diaphragm and the pericardium Pericardium – The double membrane around the heart

Crash Course

Heart Anatomy and Blood flow

Heart Anatomy 4 Chambers 2 ventricles 2 Atria Right side blood travels to the lungs in what is called the Pulmonary System Left side relates to the rest of the body in what is called the Systemic System

The Details Superior and inferior Vena Cava: Receive oxygen depleted blood from the veins Aorta: Carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

The Details Atrioventricular (AV) Valves: prevent backflow of blood when the ventricles contract The right side is the Tricuspid because it has 3 flaps The left side is the Bicuspid because it has 2 flaps

The Details Pulmonary (lungs) and Aortic (rest of body) Semilunar valves: Guard the two large arteries, one in each ventricle.

Sheep Heart Dissection - Part 1 - Part 2

Heart Physiology – Crash Course Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System (ICCS) Sino-Atrial Node (SA) is made up of Pacemaker Cells. These cells have leaky sodium channels that create a constant action potential that spread throughout the ICCS Atrial Ventricular Node (AV): once the cells of this node receive the signal, they pause for part of a second to allow the atria to complete their contraction before the ventricle contracts

Heart Physiology The Short Version: Your heart is depolarizing and repolarizing it’s nerve cell (neuron) membranes continuously all the time There is no stimulus that triggers this. The Na+ channels are just open so the concentration gradient causes diffusion constantly