To the Cave HUM 2051: Civilization I Fall 2013 Dr. Perdigao September 30-October 7, 2013

Some Forms Sophists—“men of wisdom,” teaching from city to city rhetoric, grammar, poetry, gymnastics, mathematics, and music; political and ethical concerns, secular education; teaching “political arêté,” “the skill to formulate the right laws and policies for cities and the art of eloquence and persuasion needed for success in public life” (78) Socrates (469-399 BCE) Socratic thought as counter to system Aristophanes—critic of both Socrates and Sophists Socrates—born about 10 years after Persian Wars, executed 5 years after the end of the Peloponnesian War (Perry 79) Plato (429-347 BCE): astronomy, mathematics, political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics Forms/Ideas vs. relativism of Sophists Plato—founded the Academy, history of philosophical tradition—in dialogue/dialectic model

The Charges Thirty Tyrants Persecution and execution of Socrates because of his follower Critias (one of Thirty’s leaders) Impiety 501 male citizens Death vs. exile

The Stance Apology as defense: “So, men of Athens, I’m far from pleading in my own defense now, as might be supposed. Instead, I’m pleading in yours, so that you don’t commit a great wrong against the god’s gift to you by condemning me” (770) Gadfly that “awakens, cajoles, and reproaches” (770) Achilles’ example (768): “You see, fearing death, gentlemen, is nothing other than thinking one is wise when one isn’t, since it’s thinking one knows what one doesn’t know” (769). “it’s the greatest good for a man to discuss virtues every day . . . on the grounds that the unexamined life isn’t worth living for a human being” (776). Orpheus, Homer, Ajax, Odysseus, Sisyphus—following those examples, like Odysseus

Republic as “true apology” From Alan Bloom’s “Interpretive Essay”: “The Republic shows us why Socrates was accused and why there was good reason to accuse him. Not only does he tell us about the good regime, but we see his effect on the young men he was said to have corrupted. Socrates, in leading them to a justice which is not Athenian, or even Greek, but is rather human, precisely because it is rational, shows the way to the truth about political things and develops the extremely complex relationship of that truth to civil society. These questions are most relevant to modern man, although they are perhaps harder for him to understand than for men of any previous generation. . . . For these reasons it behooves us to study the Republic. For it is the first book which brings philosophy ‘down into the cities’; and we watch in it the foundation of political science, the only discipline which can bring the blessings of reason to the city.” (310)

Paradoxical Understandings Rise to epistemology (how we know what we know) Meno’s paradox: if you know, then why ask questions but how do you know to ask questions if you do not know? Translation: You need to know what you are looking for to find it and, if you don’t know what you are looking for, there is no need to search for it. So how do we come to know anything? Function of justice, based on rules and fear Glaucon (Plato’s brother), Adaimantus (Plato’s brother) Glaucon’s social contract: desire to do unjust things but fear others will do injustice—we act just through fear; problem with democracy

The Just City Laws are lies, only the appearance of justice City of speech—goal to tell beneficial lies; gold, silver, bronze races lead to classes; if we come from the earth, then we are more loyal to earth and city Virtues in The Republic: Wisdom (rulers know good for city and act in those interests) Courage (guardians do what they must) Moderation (all groups in city, their relationships; agreement of ruler and those to be ruled, in natural harmony—craftsman is ruler of the shoe, knowledge=what everyone strives to rule) Justice (be just, then moderation will flow from it)

Hierarchy of the City, the Self Philosopher knows self but lies to others Aristophanes’ Clouds shows Socrates worshipping them but clouds side with gods, teach him how to be politically savvy Sun=nature; Good=light of the sun Rulers: Reason Guardians: Thumos Craftsmen: Eros Question if philosophers corrupt the city, intelligence for selves or others—for sake of city

Divisions Sun is truth and reality Divided line—Sun: light and power of the sun/world of sight and things seen From belief to knowledge: images: objects: thought-images: ideas or ideals belief: mathematical thought: dialectical thought the changing world of the senses: understanding: exercise of reason Ideal is in the realm of Good—the Real (in The Allegory of the Cave): Come to know ideals and act accordingly in the world As pure concept, compared to imitations Literature as second order imitation