Map projection: Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map. Different projections show distortion in: Shape Distance Relative size Direction

Relative size

1. Robinson Projection Pro: Useful in displaying information across oceans along longitude lines; most common for geographers Con: Shows a larger proportion of water to land than actuality

2. Mercator Projection Shape is right; size is wrong Pro: works for navigation around the Equator Con: area is extremely distorted towards the poles

3. Sinusoidal (Equal Area Projections) Some shapes are right Azimuthal and Goode’s Interrupted Homolosine Pro: Very little distortion to landmasses Con: Discontinuities in oceanic regions

Peters Projection

Types of Maps Physical Maps show natural features: elevation, mountains, rivers, deserts, etc…

Types of Maps Political Maps show countries, cities, capitals, counties, etc.

Types of Maps Topographic Maps show the height, shape, and other features of land in a particular area

Types of Maps Thematic Maps show the distribution, flow, or connection of one or more characteristics

Types of Maps Special Purpose Maps Are designed for a special purpose: highway maps for diving, etc.

1. Choropleth maps Applies distinctive colors to represent different quantities or densities

2. Dot Distribution (Point Pattern)map Shows distribution using a concentration of dots

3.Flow Line Map Show movement by arrows

Travel Time from New York 4. Isoline Map A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value. Travel Time from New York

5. Isopleth of Isoline maps Used to portray quantities that vary smoothly over a given area Joins locations with the same value Used for climate variables

6. Proportional symbol map Portrays numerical quantities Symbols are drawn proportional to the value at that location

7. Cartogram Deliberately distort map shapes to achieve special effects

Latitude and Longitude

Latitude Lines Imaginary lines that run east to west around the globe Measure degrees north and south of the Equator The Equator is at 0 degrees http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/longlat.html

Longitude Lines Imaginary lines that run from the north pole to the south pole Measure degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian The Prime Meridian is at 0° Longitude, or at 0° on a Y Axis http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/longlat.html

Calculating Latitude and Longitude Always calculate Latitude First North and South of the Equator Then calculate Longitude East and West of the Prime Meridian

Time Zones 24 stripes, north and south The starting point is Greenwich Mean Time Standardizes time Day jumps at International Date Line (approximately 180 degrees)

Time Zones http://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/samoa-skips-friday-in-leap-across-intl-date-line/

Absolute vs. Relative Absolute location: showing the exact place on Earth by using a coordinate system. (ie: Chicago is located 41 degrees, 53 minutes North Latitude, and 87 degrees West Longitude) Relative location: describes a place in relation to other human and physical features. (ie: south of Seattle, near the Cascade Mountains to describe Maple Valley) or (TJH is near Four Corners)

Changing Attribute of a Place Built Landscape: an area of land represented by its features and patterns of human occupation and use of natural resources. Sequent Occupance: The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape. This is an important concept in geography because it symbolizes how humans interact with their surroundings.