Hydropower generation and water management under change

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Presentation transcript:

Hydropower generation and water management under change Arthur Mynett & Miroslav Marence UNESCO-IHE Round Table – Business in Water Scare Areas the importance of conflict sensitive management strategies Den Haag, 29 March 2016

UNESCO-IHE – Institute for Water Education UNESCO-IHE is the largest international graduate education institute in the field of water. The institute confers fully accredited MSc degrees and promotes PhDs. Since 1957 the Institute has provided graduate education to more than 15,000 water professionals from over 162 countries, the vast majority from the developing world. 140 PhD fellows are currently enrolled in water-related research. The Institute carries out numerous research and capacity development projects throughout the world.

Hydropower as multipurpose driver

Sharing the basin – potential conflicts 1978 214 international basins Today 263 international basins (breakup of the Soviet Union and Balkan states, better digital mapping technology) Examples Nile - shared by 10 countries Danube - shared by 17 countries Water could act as unifier or irritant in the basin

Key issues in water disputes Quantity - Competing claims for a scare resource Water allocation for different users and uses such as ecosystem needs and individual livelihoods can lead to disputes Quality - Unclean water poses serious threats to human and ecosystem health Pollution and excessive levels of salt, nutrients or solids make water inappropriate for drinking, industry and even agriculture. Degradation becomes a source of conflict between those who cause it and those affected by it. Timing - Timing of water flow is often critical and operational patterns of dams have competing interests In winter dams may release water upstream for hydropower In summer water is needed downstream for irrigation

Conflict potential – Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Situation: Ethiopia is building a huge dam on Blue Nile 55km upstream birder with Sudan Capacity over 5.000 MW, reservoir over 60 billion cubic meters Filling of reservoir needs several years – concern of downstream countries Sudan and Egypt In operation change of flooding regime and availability of water (possibility for other uses in Sudan – concern of Egypt) Rational solution by cooperation water is conserved (stored) in area with less evaporation and more water available in region additional electrical energy compensations and compromises in filling and operation Potential for cooperation

Conflict potential – Aral Sea Basin Situation: Energy demand strong during winter (heating and cotton processing) in Kyrgyzstan (upstream) and irrigation during summer Uzbekistan (downstream). During Soviet time not a problem because of unique politics and compensations. After independence no coordination in use and conflicts Additional conflict by planned Rogun dam (highest in world) and HPP Conflict points Climate change and water scarcity Upstream countries control water availability of lower countries especially during summer Potential for cooperation: first step set in a conference analyzing environmental concerns, bringing international awareness and finding solutions to settle water scarcity

Hydropower in shared basins – good practice On basin level: cooperation real time data collection and database early warning systems scenario simulations New project development: By including all stakeholders and priorities in design and also operation prediction minimising conflict potentials Priorities: drinking water – food/irrigation – energy Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Protocol - Sustainable design and operation of hydropower HSAP actively included representatives of: environmental NGOs (WWF, The Nature Conservancy), social NGOs (Oxfam, Transparency International), development banks (The World Bank), governments (China, Zambia, Germany, Iceland, Norway), and the hydropower sector.

UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education Postgraduate Education, Training and Capacity Development in Water, Environment and Infrastructure www.unesco-ihe.org