The 1920s: The Politics of Prohibition

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Presentation transcript:

The 1920s: The Politics of Prohibition “Can’t I Get a Drink?” The 1920s: The Politics of Prohibition

Questions: Was there a dominant culture in 1920s American society? What were the differences between the Anti-Saloon League and the Women’s Christian Temperance Union? What did these groups have in common? What other social issues are linked to the prohibition movement (besides a end to drinking)? What socio-economic group had the most interest in seeing Prohibition succeed? Why?

In a Nutshell: 18th Amendment Volstead Act (1919) 21st Amendment Ratified by ¾ of states by 1919 Prohibited the manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages in U.S. Volstead Act (1919) “National Prohibition Enforcement Act” Gave 18th Amendment “teeth” Defined “alcoholic beverage” Content greater that 0.5 percent 21st Amendment Passed in 1933; Repealed 18th Amendment Ratifying conventions used in each state; 73% approved

Maintain the Grip: Anglo-Saxon Protestants in Control Wish to maintain a grip on society: Immigration Restriction Anti-Semitism Most virulent: Henry Ford KKK Again “Threats” from Blacks, Jews, and Catholics Economy: A-S Protestants controlled manufacturing, railroads, and public utilities

Shifts in Population Dillingham Commission Report (1910-11) Birth rates of immigrants and poor “natives” exceeded the “old stock” By 1911: 2 of 3 students had immigrant parents Immigrants lived in states with most electoral votes Republicans ignored needs of this growing group So, why did we just look at all of this information?

Prohibition Not new in 1920s: Maine Law (1851) outlawed manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors 1855: 13 of 31 states had these laws Civil War: banned drinking for Union soldiers Grain needed for food

Scientific Evidence Scientific Temperance Journal founded after Civil War Textbooks showed degenerating human organs from drink Every state/territory in 1902 (except AZ) had laws requiring temperance instruction in schools Eugenics used Immigrants inferior since children drank since a young age

WCTU and Anti-Saloon League Women’s Christian Temperance Union Progressive group Frances Willard Fought for suffrage, 8-hour workday, prison reform, and Social Gospel To make temperance look attractive to reformers Progressives: Prohibition a way to attack urban political bosses (headquarters located in saloons)

Anti-Saloon League (1896) Only goal: Prohibition Developed modern lobby techniques Anti-drinking brochures Appealed to church membership Lobbied lawmakers and businessmen 1900: Maine, Iowa, and Kansas had laws 1918: 28 states had laws

Who was a Prohibitionist? Largely the A-S establishment Rural/small-town dwellers Middle Class Anglo-Saxon Evangelical Protestant Anti-Black, anti-immigrant, anti-Jew, anti-Catholic Beliefs/Motives: Alcohol immoral Encouraged political machines Fulfilled personal political ambitions

World War I Aided cause: Hysteria against all things foreign Prohibition linked to patriotism Liquor industry shown as foreign-controlled in propaganda Many breweries run by German-Americans Centralization of government power Took over railroads and factories Passed conscription act Curtailed free-speech Government seen as upholder of Americans’ moral codes Limits to individual liberty acceptable for sake of higher social responsibilities.

Results Enforcement of Volstead Act impossible Organized crime/smuggling rings grew Home brewing popular A-S Legal control succeeded, but social control declined