Carsharing Impacts on College Market Users: Highlights of Preliminary Findings Presented at CHESC Nelson Chan | Survey Researcher Transportation Sustainability Research Center | UC Berkeley 6/29/2016

Brief Introduction 2015 college/university Zipcar market study and white paper Condensed summary of data presented today “College/university market” refers to both current students and staff/faculty combined (N=10,040) “Student members” refers to current student members surveyed (N=9,019) Preliminary results of sample population; refining for final white paper

Overview Who are the college/university market respondents? How much do active college market members use the carsharing program, and what types of trips do they take? What impacts does carsharing have on college market member vehicle holdings and driving? Carsharing’s impact on college market member quality of life (QoL) Carsharing’s impact on college market transportation expense savings How much do college market carsharing members use other modes of transportation, and how has it impacted their use of other modes?

Who are the college/university market respondents?

Of student respondents… Note: This is a survey respondent population, and does not reflect the population breakdown of all of program’s college market users.

College market respondents by region Note: This is a survey respondent population, and does not reflect the population breakdown of all of program’s college market users.

College market respondents by urban setting Analyzed by urban setting to better understand impacts across different campus types Classification defined by College Board Examples: Urban = UC Berkeley Suburban = UC Davis Rural = Humboldt State Note: This is a survey respondent population, and does not reflect the population breakdown of all of program’s college market users.

U.S. college market respondents by region and urban type Note: This is a survey respondent population, and does not reflect the population breakdown of all of program’s college market users.

How much do active* college market members use the carsharing program, and what types of trips do they take? *Active members are defined as members who took at least one trip between 11/1/14 and 10/31/15

Overall college market respondents Average active college market respondent took about 2 trips per month Average trip distance was 50 miles* Average trip rental lasts about 6 hours* *Skewed slightly upward due to multi-day, out-of-town trips. Do not have trip-level activity data from Zipcar, so these long trips are reflected in the average numbers.

Overall college market respondents

What impacts does carsharing have on college market member vehicle holdings and driving?

Vehicle holdings by individual and household respondents

Vehicle holdings by student or staff/faculty Of student respondents… Of staff/faculty respondents… How many cars do you/does your household currently own/lease? How many cars do you/does your household currently own/lease? 82% -- 0 cars 12% -- 1 car 8% -- 2 or more cars 66% -- 0 cars 25% -- 1 car 9% -- 2 or more cars

College market vehicle impacts by urban setting % 0-car owners % sold vehicle due to Zipcar (unweighted) % suppressed purchase of vehicle due to Zipcar (unweighted) % neither sold nor suppressed purchase (unweighted) Urban 6,373 82% 6% 36% 58% Suburban 3,136 76% 3% 40% 56% Rural 422 77% 1% 39% 59%

On-campus students who would have brought a car to campus…

Change in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) due to carsharing Slight increase in observed VMT/GHG due to carsharing, but an overall decrease in full VMT/GHG impacts due to carsharing Observed impact: additional miles driven on carsharing vehicles by students who tend not to own their own vehicle prior to joining carsharing Full impact: when considering the miles driven on vehicles that would have been purchased in the absence of carsharing, the full VMT/GHG impact of Zipcar on the college market shows a decrease in both VMT and GHG emissions.

Carsharing’s impact on college market member quality of life Carsharing program’s impact on users regarding 17 various Quality of Life (QoL) metrics 17 QoL aspects Average QoL ranking Other aspects of QoL results

Please tell us what effect carsharing has had on… # Aspect Wording in Online Questionnaire 1 Safety Being safe at home and in the streets. Being able to avoid accidents and protected against criminality. 2 Accessibility Being able to reach important places like work or school with reasonable time and financial costs. 3 Variability in Experiences Having a varied life. Experiencing as many things as possible.   4 Privacy Having the opportunity to be myself, to do my own things and to have a place of my own. 5 Comfort Having a comfortable and easy daily life. 6 Social Justice Having equal opportunities and the same possibilities and rights as others. 7 Environmental Quality Having access to clean air, water and soil. Maintaining good environmental quality. 8 Social Relations Having good relationships with friends, colleagues and neighbors. Being able to maintain contacts and to make new ones. 9 Money/ Income Having enough money to buy and to do the things that are necessary and pleasing. 10 Freedom Freedom and control over the course of my life, to be able to decide for myself, what I will do, when and how. 11 Nature/ Biodiversity Being able to enjoy natural landscapes, parks and forests. Assurance of the continued existence of plants and animals and maintaining biodiversity. 12 Leisure Time Having enough time after work and being able to spend this time satisfactorily. 13 Health Being in good health. Having access to adequate health care. 14 Flexibility Being able to live a spontaneous life. 15 Financial Control and Predictability Having control over my expenses. Being able to predict costs. 16 Serenity/ Lightheartedness Having a life free from major concerns or worries. 17 Overall Overall, to what degree has Zipcar changed your quality of life?

College/University Market (N=9523) Average QoL Score Mean scores on how carsharing has changed college/university market users‘ Quality of Life LEGEND: QoL Score Number QoL Answer Option 1 "Zipcar has made much worse" 2 "Zipcar has made worse" 3 "Zipcar has made slightly worse" 4 "Zipcar has not changed it" 5 "Zipcar has made slightly better" 6 "Zipcar has made better" 7 "Zipcar has made much better" QoL Aspect College/University Market (N=9523) Average QoL Score Variability in Experiences 5.15 Accessibility 4.99 Flexibility 4.98 Privacy 4.96 Freedom 4.92 Nature/Biodiversity 4.81 Comfort 4.80 Social Justice 4.68 Financial Control and Predictability 4.60 Social Relations 4.57 Leisure Time 4.52 Safety 4.48 Environmental Quality Serenity/Lightheartedness 4.46 Money/Income 4.41 Health 4.35 Overall QoL 4.95

College market overall QoL impacts by region

Carsharing’s impact on transportation expenses

Transportation expense savings The average college market respondent saves on transportation expenses: $17/month Staff members save the most on transportation expenses on average, at: $36/month Midwest sees largest savings: $30/month for West North Central Urban ($19/month) members save slightly more than suburban members ($15/month) and rural members ($12/month)

Transportation expense savings used for other life expenses Of college/university market respondents who agree they save money on transportation…

How much do members use other transportation modes How much do members use other transportation modes? How has carsharing impacted their use of other modes?

Frequency of other mode use

Public transit usage by population type

Acknowledgements The TSRC, UC Berkeley team would like to thank Zipcar for all their hard work administering the National Survey, with thanks especially to Jessie Haase, Katelyn Bushey, and Justin Holmes. We’d also like to thank Charlotte Strem and Teresa Buika of the University of California for including funding for this study in the UC’s systemwide carsharing contracts.

Thank you Nelson Chan | ndchan@berkeley.edu Transportation Sustainability Research Center | tsrc.berkeley.edu