Introductory Visualizing Technology Sixth Edition Chapter 4 Hardware Welcome to Chapter 4 of Visualizing Technology, the sixth edition, by Debra Geoghan. This chapter will identify, explain, and compare hardware components of a computer system.

Learning Objectives 4.1 Explain the Functions of a CPU 4.2 Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard 4.3 Compare Storage Devices 4.4 List and Describe Common Input Devices 4.5 List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices 4.6 Compare Various Types of Printers 4.7 Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology 4.8 Discuss Communication Devices Chapter Four objectives are: Explain the Functions of a CPU Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard Compare Storage Devices List and Describe Common Input Devices List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices Compare Various Types of Printers Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology Discuss Communication Devices <#>

Explain the Functions of a CPU Learning Objective 4.1 Explain the Functions of a CPU

Explain the Functions of a CPU Objective 1 explains the functions of a CPU, discusses the instruction cycle, and covers the various processing options. <#>

Functions of the CPU Central Processing Unit (CPU or processor) Brain of the computer housed on the motherboard Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Performs calculations Control Unit: Manages data movement through the CPU Executes instructions Makes decisions The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It is housed inside the system unit on the motherboard and is made up of two parts: the Arithmetic Logic Unit and the control unit. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs all the mathematical and logical operations. The control unit manages the movement of data through the CPU. Together, these two units execute instructions, perform calculations, and make decisions. <#>

Instruction Cycle There are four steps in the instruction cycle: Fetch Instruction is retrieved from main memory Decode Translates instruction into computer command Execute ALU processes the command Store Results are written back to memory The instruction cycle, sometimes called the fetch-and-execute or machine cycle, consists of four steps: fetch, decode, execute, and store. During the fetch step, an instruction from memory is retrieved. This instruction is then decoded—translated into a computer command—in the second step. The ALU processes this command in the execute step, and the last step stores the results back to memory. This cycle is continuously repeated by the CPU. <#>

CPU Performance (1 of 4) CPU performance is measured in: Clock speed Speed at which the processor executes the machine cycles Overclock Gigahertz (GHz) Billions of cycles per second The CPU works so fast it is difficult for us to comprehend. The speed at which the processor executes the machine cycle is called clock speed. The clock speed is measured in gigahertz. If a CPU runs at 3 GHz, it means that the processor executes 3 billion data cycles per second. <#>

CPU Performance (2 of 4) Multi-core processor Two or more processors integrated on a single chip Increases processing speed Reduces energy consumption GPU (graphics processing unit) A video card that has its own processor CPU performance can be enhanced in many ways. Multi-core processing, which increases processing speed and reduces energy consumption, occurs when two or more processors are integrated on a single chip. <#>

CPU Performance (3 of 4) Parallel processing Uses multiple processors, or multicore processors, to divide up processing tasks Each processor can use pipelining to further boost processing efficiency CPU performance can be enhanced in many ways. Parallel processing uses multiple processors or multi-core processors, which divide the work among them and use pipelining. <#>

CPU Performance (4 of 4) Pipelining Used by a single processor When the first instruction moves from stage 1 to stage 2 of the machine cycle, the next instruction moves into stage 1 – like an assembly line CPU performance can be enhanced in many ways. Pipelining, which works like an assembly line, is used by a single processor. As one instruction moves from fetch to decode, the processor fetches the next instruction. <#>

CPU Performance and Cooling Processing generates heat To prevent overheating, the CPU uses: Heat sink – draws heat away from the processor Cooling fan – positioned above the processor System units have at least one system fan Working quickly and using multicore processors generates a lot of heat. Excessive heat can damage a processor or cause it to fail. To prevent overheating, a heat sink and a cooling fan are installed to cool the CPU. The heat sink draws heat away from the processor using a material such as metal or ceramic. The cooling fan, positioned above the CPU, uses moving air to dispense excess heat. <#>

Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard Learning Objective 4.2 Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard

Identify the Parts of a System Unit and Motherboard Objective 2 identifies the parts of a system unit and motherboard. It explains how information flows over data buses and identifies system components such as drive controllers, ports, connectors, and the various types of memory. <#>

The Motherboard – The Main Circuit Board of the Computer This system unit contains: The CPU or processor (under the cooling fan) The power supply Motherboard (mostly obscured by other components) Memory The system unit is the physical case that protects the power supply, motherboard, CPU, and memory. The motherboard houses the CPU, drive controllers and interfaces, expansion slots, data buses, ports and connectors, BIOS, and memory. An expansion board plugs into an expansion slot and lets you connect devices such as video and sound cards. Drive controllers and interfaces connect disk drives to the processor. Data buses provide connections for information to flow over wires.

Ports and Connectors Ports connect peripherals to the motherboard USB FireWire Ethernet Bluetooth Ports are used to connect peripherals to the motherboard. The most common types today are USB and FireWire. Audio ports connect audio peripheral devices, and the Ethernet port connects a system to a network. USB ports are used to connect a mouse or keyboard. Bluetooth technology is used to connect peripherals wirelessly.

Ports & Connectors – Connect Peripherals to the Motherboard Most common ports USB FireWire (IEEE 1394) Thunderbolt Ports and connectors connect peripherals to the motherboard. The USB port is a standard port type used to connect many kinds of devices. An advantage of USB devices is that they are hot-swappable—they can be plugged in and unplugged without turning off the computer. A USB hub is a device that connects multiple USB devices to a single USB port. FireWire is a hot-swappable port that can connect up to 63 devices per port. FireWire has largely been replaced by USB and the newer Thunderbolt technology, which was developed by IBM and Apple. <#>

Memory (Primary Storage) Temporary Storage Holds Instructions & Data Types of memory used by computers Random access memory (RAM) Volatile memory that holds the OS, programs, and data the computer is currently using Cache memory: very fast memory used to store frequently accessed information; located close to the processor Level 1 (L1) —built into the processor Level 2 (L2) —built into the processor on new systems or on the motherboard near the processor on older ones Level 3 (L3) —separate chip on the motherboard near the processor Memory, also known as primary storage, is temporary storage used to hold instructions and data. There are two types of computer memory: RAM (random access memory) and cache. RAM is volatile memory and holds the OS, programs, and data that is in use. Information held in RAM memory is lost when the power is turned off. Cache memory is very fast memory in close proximity to the processor used to store frequently accessed information. <#>

Compare Storage Devices Learning Objective 4.3 Compare Storage Devices

Compare Storage Devices Objective 3 compares the different types of storage devices and their characteristics. It also lists and describes the various types of memory cards. <#>

Storage Devices (1 of 2) Optical discs Solid-state storage CDs DVDs Blu-ray Solid-state storage Flash drives Memory cards Mobile devices Categories of storage devices are: Optical disc storage pertains to CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs; data is stored using a laser and read with optical disc drives. Solid-state storage is non-mechanical. The data is stored using flash memory on a chip. There are no moving parts; therefore, these devices, which include flash drives, are quiet and durable. <#>

Storage Devices (2 of 2) Magnetic storage Hard drive Primary mass-storage device in most computers Categories of storage devices (cont.) Hard drives store data magnetically on metal or specially coated materials. <#>

List and Describe Common Input Devices Learning Objective 4.4 List and Describe Common Input Devices

List and Describe Common Input Devices Objective 4 lists and describes common input devices. <#>

Input Devices – Devices Used to Get Data into the Computer (1 of 3) Keyboard Mouse An input device is a device used to enter data into a computer system. The type of input device you use depends on the data to input, the type of computer the input device is connected to, and the application being used. The keyboard and mouse are the most common input devices. <#>

Input Devices – Devices Used to Get Data into the Computer (2 of 3) Keypad Touchpad Stylus Other input devices include the keypad, touchpad, and stylus. <#>

Input Devices – Devices Used to Get Data into the Computer (3 of 3) Digital cameras and webcams Optical scanners QR code readers Near field communication (NFC) devices Magnetic strip readers Biometric scanners Joysticks Digital cameras and webcams are among the ways to input data into computers. Optical scanners convert photos or documents into digital files. QR code readers and bar code readers provide information about products. Radio frequency identification (RFID) scanners read information from RFID tags. Magnetic strip readers read the information encoded in such strips. Biometric scanners measure human characteristics. Microphones convert sound into digital signals. Game controllers and joysticks let users interact with video games. <#>

List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices Learning Objective 4.5 List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices

List and Describe Essential Video and Audio Output Devices Objective 5 lists and describes essential video and audio output devices. <#>

Video Output Devices – Monitors (1 of 2) Work by lighting pixels (picture elements) on the screen CRT Cathode ray tube; considered legacy technology LCD Liquid crystal display; popular in desktops and notebooks Plasma Larger in size; mostly used with media center systems or in conference rooms CRT, liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma, and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) are video output device options. CRT monitors, which use cathode ray tubes, are big, use lots of energy, and are considered legacy technology. Most desktop and notebook computers have LCDs, liquid crystal displays. Plasma monitors, available in larger screen sizes, are typically used in media centers and conference rooms. <#>

Video Output Devices – Monitors (2 of 2) Work by lighting pixels (picture elements) on the screen OLED Organic light-emitting diode; considered next technology of monitors AMOLED Active matrix OLED screens; found in some mobile devices Sharper and have a wider viewing angle OLED (organic light-emitting diode) monitors are 10 times more efficient than LCDs. <#>

Video Output Devices – Projectors Produce larger output More practical for presentations Examples DLP (digital light processing) projectors Hundreds of thousands of tiny swiveling mirrors that create an image Higher contrast and deeper blacks LCD projectors Pass light through a prism Poorer contrast and washed-out blacks Projectors produce larger images and are more practical when making a presentation or sharing media with a group in such places as a classroom. A DLP (digital light processing) projector uses hundreds of thousands of tiny swiveling mirrors to create an image. A LCD projector passes light through a prism. The DLP image has higher contrast and deeper blacks. <#>

Video Cards and Audio Output Devices – Video Cards Expansion cards that provide the data signal and connector for a monitor or projector The card can be integrated on the motherboard or connected via: Expansion card External USB FireWire A video card, an expansion card that provides the data signal and connector for a monitor or projector, can be integrated on the motherboard or connected through expansion cards, external USB, or FireWire. <#>

Video Cards and Audio Output Devices – Audio Output Converts digital signals into sound Provided by: Speakers Headphones Provides audio connections for both: Input devices Output devices Audio output comes through speakers and headphones, which convert digital signals into sound. Speakers can be integrated or connected to the speaker port on a sound card. Headphones can also be plugged directly into a computer’s headphone or speaker port. <#>

Compare Various Types of Printers Learning Objective 4.6 Compare Various Types of Printers

Compare Various Types of Printers Objective 6 compares various types of printers. <#>

Printers (1 of 4) Inkjet printer Photo printer Sprays droplets of ink onto paper Photo printer Prints high-quality photos There are many options for printers, and your choice should be based on your needs. Inkjet printers work by spraying droplets of ink onto paper. Photo printers are designed to print high-quality photos. <#>

Printers (2 of 4) Dye-sublimation printer Thermal Uses heat to turn solid dye into a gas that is then transferred to special paper Thermal Heats specially coated heat-sensitive paper, which changes color when heat is applied Dye-sublimation printers use heat to turn solid dye into a gas that’s then transferred to special paper, and thermal printers create an image by heating specially coated heat-sensitive paper, which changes color when heat is applied. <#>

Printers (3 of 4) Laser Plotter Multifunction Uses a laser beam to draw an image on a drum Plotter Uses pens to draw an image on a roll of paper Used to produce very large printouts Multifunction Has built-in scanner, fax, copy, and print capabilities Laser printers use laser beams to draw an image on drums. Plotters, used to produce very large printouts, use pens to draw an image on a roll of paper. Multifunction printers can scan, fax, copy, and print documents. <#>

Printers (4 of 4) Three-dimensional (3D) Creates objects such as prototypes and models by scanning an object or design using computer software Creates the model by building layers of material Used in: Dental and medical imaging Architecture A 3D printer creates digital images, then creates prototypes and models by building layers of material such as paper, polymers, resin, or even metal. <#>

Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology Learning Objective 4.7 Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology

Explain and Provide Examples of Adaptive Technology Objective 7 will explain and provide examples of adaptive technology. <#>

Adaptive Technology Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) -1990 Requires employers with 15 or more employees to make reasonable accommodations for disabled employees Assistive technology Used by individuals with disabilities to interact with technology Includes both hardware and software Modern operating systems include accessibility settings The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 requires employers with 15 or more employees to make reasonable accommodations, adjustments, or modifications to enable people with disabilities to enjoy equal employment opportunities. Assistive technology, also referred to as adaptive technology, is used by individuals with disabilities to interact with technology. Adaptive technologies can incorporate hardware and software. Modern operating systems include accessibility settings that you can personalize. <#>

Adaptive Technology – Input Devices Braille-writing devices Eye-driven keyboards Keyboards with locator dots or large-print key labels On-screen keyboards Voice-recognition software Because of the ADA, many hardware and software vendors have developed adaptive technology. Adaptive input devices include Braille-writing devices, eye-driven keyboards, keyboards with locator dots, keyboards with large-print key labels, on-screen keyboards, and voice-recognition software. <#>

Adaptive Technology – Output Devices Standard monitors can be adapted by magnifying the screen Speech synthesis screen-reader software and audio alerts Closed captions and visual notifications Braille embossers translate text to Braille Adaptive output devices include standard monitors with magnified screens, speech synthesis screen-reader software, closed captions, visual notifications, and Braille embossers. <#>

Discuss Communication Devices Learning Objective 4.8 Discuss Communication Devices

Discuss Communication Devices Objective 8 will discuss important communication devices. <#>

Communication Devices – Network Adapters, Modems, and Fax Devices (1 of 3) Function as both input and output devices Allow you to connect to other devices on a network or the Internet Examples Network adapters Modems Fax machines Communication devices function as both input and output devices and allow you to connect to other devices on a network or the Internet. Devices in this category include network adapters, modems, and fax devices. <#>

Communication Devices – Network Adapters, Modems, and Fax Devices (2 of 3) Onboard expansion card or USB device Wired or wireless Modems Connect a computer to a telephone line Used for dial-up Internet access Communication devices include network adapters and modems. Network adapters are used to establish connections to networks. They are also called network interface cards (NICs), may be an onboard expansion card or USB device, and may be wired or wireless. Modems are used to connect a computer to a telephone line and most often used for dial-up Internet access. <#>

Communication Devices – Network Adapters, Modems, and Fax Devices (3 of 3) Stand-alone or part of a multifunction device Scan a document and convert it into digital format that can be transmitted over telephone lines Fax devices can be stand-alone or part of a multifunction device. Fax devices scan a document and convert it into digital format that can be transmitted over telephone lines. <#>

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