The Adaptations of Blood Cells The Circulatory System

Plan of Presentations Red blood cells, white blood cells Differentiate between types of anemia Leukemia Identify and contrast blood types ABO Blood Grouping and Rhesus factor Blood Clotting Hemophilia

Erythrocytes – red blood cells Transport oxygen

Adaptations of red blood cells to living at high altitudes Increase in number to absorb as much oxygen as possible A

Olympics – Mexico city - 1968

Effect of high altitude on fitness Period of acclimatization

Anemia – lack of red blood cell Lack of red blood cells Sickle Cell Anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia -genetic inborn error of metabolism -red blood cells become c-shaped in low oxygen -cells become hooked and block capillaries causing pain -lack of iron in the red blood cell -red blood cells small and pale and not able to carry enough oxygen -person tires easily

Iron Deficiency Anemia Characteristic Sickle Cell Anemia Iron Deficiency Anemia Cause -genetic – substitution of an amino acid in haemoglobin -lack of iron in the diet Effect -red blood cells become c-shaped in low oxygen environments e.g. movie cinemas, clubs, airplanes -red blood cells small and pale in color – shortness of breath on exertion Treatment -bone marrow transplants, nutritious diet high in iron containing foods e.g. liver -nutritious diet high in iron containing food, iron supplements Cure -no cure, error in DNA of bone marrow and all body cells -adding more iron to the diet will reverse effects

Leukocytes – white blood cells Phagocyte -enlarged nucleus -programmed to make specific antibodies in thymus and bone marrow -made in bone marrow, lymph nodes -tri-lobed nucleus -engulfs and dissolves pathogens -made in bone marrow and lymph nodes

Leukocytes work together Lymphocytes make antibodies that clump or slow down pathogens so that phagocytes can engulf and dissolve them

Leukemia a type of cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells.

Rhesus factor If you carry this protein, you are Rh positive. If you don't carry the protein, you are Rh negative. Most people — about 85% — are Rh positive. But if a woman who is Rh negative and a man who is Rh positive conceive a baby, there is the potential for the baby to have a health problem.

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Incidence of blood groups

Blood Transfusions

You may need a transfusion of red blood cells if you have lost blood due to an injury or surgery.

Blood clotting To prevent loss of red blood cells

Steps in blood clotting

Hemophilia Hemophilia is a genetic disorder and is caused by a mutation within the genes for coagulation or clotting factors VIII or IX. Persons with hemophilia cannot form blood clots when needed to stop bleeding and therefore bleed longer than people without hemophilia, not faster. People with hemophilia experience abnormal bleeding – either after an injury or spontaneously-into their joints, muscles, and soft tissues Normal Clotting time is 5 to 8 minutes

Summary Blood components Blood disorders Treatment of blood disorders No cure but management of disorder

Inheritance of Hemophilia

Hemophilia There is currently no cure for hemophilia. Hemophilia can also be well managed with infusion of manufactured clotting factor concentrates to replace the factor that is missing from the blood. This is called clotting factor replacement therapy.