Conduction, Convection and Radiation Heat Transfer Conduction, Convection and Radiation

Conduction Conduction – heat transferred by particles colliding into one another, such as in a metal. Transfer of energy by touch Not an effective transfer in a gas. Primarily solids

Convection Convection – heat transferred by the circulation of a fluid (or gas), such as in a heating system at home; important near the surface of the Sun. Hot air rises cool air falls

Radiation Radiation – heat transferred by the flow of electromagnetic radiation, like heat felt from the campfire. Radiation is the only type of heat transfer that can happen in a vacuum. Heat transfer through waves

Heat Transfer CONDUCTION: the transfer of energy through matter by direct contact of particles. This can happen in solids, liquids and gases. CONVECTION: the transfer of energy because of the movement of bulk masses of particles. This can happen only in liquids and gases - not in solids. RADIATION: the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. Energy can move by radiation in air like the heat from your electric stove top, or in the vacuum of space the way the Sun heats the Earth. In radiation, the energy does not have to transfer through mass (particles).

Heat Vent

Heat Transfer Experiment

From the sun:

I R Scan

Metal Rod

68. In which container is the substance unable to transfer heat by 68 In which container is the substance unable to transfer heat by convection? F H G J

Air Currents

Heat cells in mantle/asthenosphere Rising heat cells - plates separate Heat cells in mantle/asthenosphere Rising heat cells - plates separate Sinking heat cells - plates pulled down into mantle

The Sun

heat transfer : Problem 10 Heat convection occurs in gases and liquids. Heat convection does not occur in solids because solids are unable to — A absorb heat by vibrating B transfer heat by fluid motion C emit radiation by reflecting light D exchange heat by direct contact

Each finger is a different metal rod with glass marbles affixed using wax. The marbles are placed at equal distances on each of the rods and the rods are heated. The heat is moved through the metal to the wax adhesive. As the wax warms up, it looses its stickiness and the marbles subsequently fall off.

 Problem 11 In which container is the substance unable to transfer heat by convection? 

Problem 12 The moon’s surface becomes hot during the long lunar day because the sun transfers heat to the moon. This heat transfer is accomplished almost entirely through the process of — F convection G refraction H conduction J radiation

Microwave

Problem 13 A man who was sleeping wakes up because he hears the smoke alarm go off in his house. Before opening the bedroom door, the man feels the door to see whether it is warm. He is assuming that heat would be transferred through the door by — A conduction B convection C radiation D compression

Problem 14 The transfer of heat by the movement of air currents in Earth’s atmosphere is an example of — A conduction B convection C radiation D fusion

Heat Lamps

Problem 15 A solar heater uses energy from the sun to heat water. The heater’s panel is painted black to — F improve emission of infrared radiation G reduce the heat loss by convection currents H improve absorption of infrared radiation J reduce the heater’s conducting properties

65 Heat convection occurs in gases and liquids 65 Heat convection occurs in gases and liquids. Heat convection does not occur in solids because solids are unable to — A absorb heat by vibrating B transfer heat by fluid motion C emit radiation by reflecting light D exchange heat by direct contact

Hot pool near Red Cone Geyser; William S Keller; 1964

66 A solar heater uses energy from the sun to heat water 66 A solar heater uses energy from the sun to heat water. The heater’s panel is painted black to — F improve emission of infrared radiation G reduce the heat loss by convection currents H improve absorption of infrared radiation J reduce the heater’s conducting properties

56 Which of the following is an example of solar energy being converted into chemical energy? F Plants producing sugar during the day G Water evaporating and condensing in the water cycle H The sun unevenly heating Earth’s surface J Lava erupting from volcanoes for many days

Radiometer

Temperatures of Water in 69 Container P and Container Q each were filled with 0.5 liter of water. The water was heated to 90°C. The table shows the temperatures after both containers were allowed to cool for 3 minutes. Compared to Container Q, Container P is a better — A conductor B absorber C radiator D insulator Temperatures of Water in Different Containers Container Initial Temperature (°C) Final P 90 83 Q 76

54 Which process best shows the conversion of solar energy to chemical energy? F Prevailing winds causing windmills to spin G Green plants making their own food H Uranium producing heat to make steam J Tides generating electricity

57 Why is the sum of the products’ energy in this reaction less than the sum of the reactants’ energy? A Energy is given off as heat. B The products absorb available energy. C Energy is trapped in the reactants. D The reactants’ energy is less than the melting point of glucose.

58 An inventor claims to have created an internal combustion engine that converts 100 kJ of chemical energy from diesel fuel to 140 kJ of mechanical energy. This claim violates the law of conservation of — F momentum G inertia H energy J mass

Solar Radiation and Earth Effect Amount of Energy per Second (terajoules) Solar radiation reaching Earth 173,410 Radiation reflected back into space 52,000 Radiation heating atmosphere, landmasses, and oceans 81,000 Radiation producing winds and ocean currents 370 Radiation used in photosynthesis 40 Radiation resulting in evaporation of water ? 59 Assuming the chart contains all energy transformations in the Earth system, how much solar radiation goes toward evaporating water? F 40,000 terajoules G 92,410 terajoules H 121,410 terajoules J 133,410 terajoules

60 According to the equation E = mc2, mass — F travels at the speed of light G can be transformed into energy H contains light energy J is doubled when exposed to light

63 Because ancient Greeks lived close to water, they may have enjoyed a more constant climate than if they had lived inland. Water warms up and cools down more slowly than land. This is because of water’s — F boiling point G specific heat H melting point J specific gravity

J Adding heat to the metal block 62 The temperature of the water increases by 8°C when the metal block is added. Which could cause the temperature of the water to increase by 10°C after the metal block is added? F Using 500 g of water G Using a larger beaker H Adding more 20°C water J Adding heat to the metal block Temperature (°C) Mass (g) Metal Block 120 100 Water 20 400

Q = mcΔt Q m c Δt Q – Energy (Heat gained or lost) m – Mass c – Specific Heat Δt – Change in Temperature Q m c Δt

64 How much heat is lost by 2.0 grams of water if the temperature drops from 31°C to 29°C? The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g·°C. A 4.0 J B 6.2 J C 8.4 J D 16.7 J