By: Cristen Moore, Filomena Dardani and Miranda Venhuda Cholera By: Cristen Moore, Filomena Dardani and Miranda Venhuda

Poor Living Conditions

Background of Cholera Was first described in 1854 in Italy by Filippo Pacini V. cholerae was also characterized by Robert Koch Is caused by a bacteria known as Vibrio cholerae Is becoming increasingly common in the United States Rare risk for travelers; however, those at higher risk include: humanitarian aid workers and travelers with remote itineraries in areas of cholera outbreaks, who have limited access to safe water and medical care

What is Cholera? Cholera is a potentially epidemic and life-threatening secretory diarrhea characterized by numerous and voluminous watery stools Often accompanied by vomiting Diarrheal disease caused by colonization of the intestines by cholera toxin–expressing strains of Vibrio cholerae

Pathology of Cholera Ingestion of Vibrio Cholerae in water or food source Vibrio Cholerae colonizes within the small intestine Secretes cholergen toxin Increased amounts of sodium and chloride into small intestine

Clinical Manifestations Signs and Symptoms: Profuse watery diarrhea Vomiting Increased heart rate Dry mucosal membranes Leg cramps Thirst Symptoms can take a few hours to 5 days to appear

Treatments Rehydration therapy-oral and intravenous. Reduces mortality rates. Antibiotics-Tetracycline highly effective in reducing morbidity. A single dose of doxycycline. Pregnant women and children can use Erythromycin. Zinc has been shown to help improve cholera symptoms in children Prevention

References (2013, October 18). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html Board, A. (2012, May 30). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001348/ Cholera. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/en/ Hochstein, L. H. (2013). Simultaneous Infection with Shigella sonneiand Vibrio choleroe in a Young Child. Clinical Laboratory Science, 26(4), 165-170. Umeed, M. (2012). Travellers' Diarrhoea. Practice Nurse, 42(16), 14-17. Devault, A. M., Golding, G. B., Waglechner, N., Enk, J. M., Kuch, M., Tien, J. H., & ... Poinar, H. N. (2014). Second-pandemic strain of Vibrio cholerae from the Philadelphia cholera outbreak of 1849. New England Journal Of Medicine, 370(4), 334-340. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1308663

References Pictures Consultorías HACCP: Fifty-Year Cholera Mystery Solved. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://haccpconsultores.blogspot.com/2012/06/fifty-year-cholera-mystery-solved.html Sanitation in India's slums. (n.d.). Retrieved November 22, 2014, from http://forums.hardwarezone.com.sg/eat-drink-man-woman-16/sanitation-indias-slums-4745443.html