REVOLUTION IN CHINA Chapter 26 Lesson 2 (524-528)

Sun Yat-Sen Chinese Empress Ci Xi tried to implement change after the Boxer Rebellion. Her reforms in education followed a western model & China even elected provincial (local) & national legislative assemblies in the early 1900’s. However, they only had advisory powers & couldn’t pass laws. The Empress dies in 1908 & the Qing Dynasty ends 3 years later. Sun Yat-Sen grew up while the Qing Dynasty was coming to an end. He saw its weaknesses believed China’s best chance to revive itself was to embrace democracy. He proposed a 3 stage reform because he believed China was unprepared for democratic rule. STAGE 1: military takeover; STAGE 2: transitional stage where Sun’s Nationalist Party would educate & prepare the people for democratic rule; STAGE 3: establish a constitutional democracy in China. These reforms were called the THREE PRINCIPLES & they also included the right for people to choose their own livelihoods.

Revolution & Civil War In 1911 while Sun is visiting the US his followers launch a revolt that flounders in his absence. Although the weak Qing falls easily, Sun’s followers (Nationalists) are not prepared to launch a new government. Although the Nationalists celebrate their victory as a major win, from the US Sun sees it as “hardly a revolution” as it failed to produce a new political or social order. Because a strong democratic leader did not emerge immediately China fell under military rule & a battle between traditional Chinese values & a call for western modernization emerged. This period of violence, rebellion, military rule & resistance brought many changes to China.

Cultural Changes Economic Changes: Changes to daily life: POSITIVE: modernized; increased food production meant better health & longer life; more opportunities for businesspeople; urbanization; growing middle class & industrial working class emerge; Chinese had a model to follow to modernize their cities & way of life; NEGATIVE: disrupted traditional Chinese lifestyle; pop. Grew too fast; Traditional Culture vs. New/modern China: POSITIVE: NEGATIVE: + growing industry & trade National commodities mkt Increased productivity Better banking & $ system Growing foreign investment China was integrated into the 19th century world economy New commerce cities emerged - - destroyed local industries; profits went to foreign countries; China remains underdeveloped; Workers exploited

Lesson 3: Rise of Modern japan Japanese history is divided into “Periods” – representing the struggles that took place between clans for 1000’s or years. CLAN = a group of close knit/interrelated families. SHOGUN = powerful military leader; warlords who were supposed to respect the Emperor but who periodically were more powerful. TIMELINE OF KEY PERIODS IN JAPANESE HISTORY: 7th century – First Emperor 12th century – Shogunate rule 13th century – 2 failed Mongol invasions 15th century – civil war between feudal lords 17th century – Europeans banned 1853 – US Navy (Commodore Perry)

Japan & foreign trade/influence Isolationist policy toward foreign influence; Only Dutch & Chinese merchants allowed at a single Japanese port; US influence began in 1853 when the US navy (under the command of Commodore Perry) arrived in Edo (Tokyo) Bay with 4 warships seeking political considerations from Japan. After 6 months he returns with a larger fleet of warships & intimidates Japan into the Treaty of Kanagawa. Under the Treaty Japan opened additional ports & established a US consulate there. Similar treaties with other European nations followed.

Japanese resistance to foreigners Like the Chinese, Japanese resistance to foreign presence was strong, especially strong among the samurai. These were Japanese warriors similar to the medieval European knights. Although feudalism ended earlier in Japan, the samurai still had much power & influence. They tried to force the Shogun to promise to end relations with the rest; when he refused his palace was attacked & his government collapsed ending Japans “Shogunate System” & restoring the Emperor to power. (In this system the Shogun was the military dictator of Japan, although they were appointed by the Emperor as a ceremonial formality, Shogun’s were more powerful than Emperors during this period).

The meiji restoration After the Shogunate system ended the young emperor was returned to the throne, called the “Enlightened” or Meiji rule period. The Emperor & the politically powerful men who controlled him knew Japan had to modernize to survive. Powerful remnants of the old feudal system were removed & the former lords were given PROFECTURES (territories) over which they would rule. POLITICAL CHANGES: adopted a constitution; most authority given to executive branch BUT the Emperor was a figurehead as the Prime Minister & his cabinet had true authority. 2 factions emerged. LIBERALS (wanted change based on western model) & PROGRESSIVES (wanted power shared between leg. & exec. Branches – with a stronger exec. Branch). End result = a democracy in theory but authoritarian in nature (traditional ruling class kept its economic & political influence & power).

Meiji restoration ECONOMIC CHANGE: land reform; peasants got land but the new land tax hurt them during years of poor harvest; government gave subsidies to certain industries (payment to encourage or protect certain economic activity); close relationship between government & private business (lots of gov. involvement in industry). SOCIAL CHANGE: compulsory military service led to well equipped, modern army; universal education developed (elementary, secondary, universities & study abroad); changes to traditional Japanese gender roles & lifestyle, but tried to preserve some of the old ways (531-32).

Japanese expansion Japan copied western imperialism through territorial expansion. Realizing colonies could provide them with raw materials, inexpensive labor & markets for their products, they took control of nearby island nations & then forced Korea to open its ports to Japanese trade. That move caused a rivalry began to grow between China & Japan that would escalate to war, which Japan won. A rivalry with Russia also started over Japan’s influence in Korea & again resulted in war which the Japanese also won! Japan gained more territory after this & their victory was a wake up call to the world that they were a powerful force. Although US/Japan relations were good at first, there was growing US concern over Japan’s increasing power in East Asia.