CHAPTER 11 Agreement Click your mouse anywhere on the screen to advance the text in each slide. After the starburst appears, click a blue triangle to move to the next slide or previous slide.

“It takes two to speak the truth -- one to speak and one to hear.” Quote of the Day “It takes two to speak the truth -- one to speak and one to hear.” Henry David Thoreau, American Philosopher

Meeting of the Minds The parties can form a contract only if they had a meeting of the minds. They must understand each other and intend to reach an agreement. A judge will make an objective assessment of any disagreements about whether a contract was made -- whether or not a reasonable person would conclude that there was an agreement, based on the parties’ conduct.

Offer Problems with Intent Problems with Definiteness An offer is an act or statement that proposes definite terms and permits the other party to create a contract by accepting those terms. Problems with Intent Invitation to bargain is not an offer. Price quote is generally not an offer. An advertisement is generally not an offer. A letter of intent may or may not be an offer, depending on the writer’s intent. Placing an item up for auction is not an offer, it is merely a request for an offer. Problems with Definiteness The term of the offer must be definite.

UCC and Open Terms Open Price Output and Requirements Provisions The UCC has provisions for supplying some missing contract terms. Open Price The UCC establishes a price, based on market value or valuation by a neutral party. Output and Requirements Provisions An output contract obligates a seller to sell all of his output to one buyer, who agrees to buy it. A requirements contract obligates a buyer to obtain all of his needed goods from the seller.

UCC and Open Terms (cont’d) Delivery, Time, and Payment Usually, delivery is at the seller’s business, time must be reasonable and payment is due upon receipt of goods. Warranties An implied warranty of merchantability, means that the goods must be of at least average, passable quality in the trade. An implied warranty of fitness means the goods are suitable for a particular purpose.

Termination of Offers Termination by Revocation Effective when the offeree receives it. Firm Offers and Revocability Common Law Rule Revocation of a firm offer is effective if the offeree receives it before he accepts. Option Contract The offeror may not revoke an offer during the option period. Sale of Goods A writing signed by a merchant, offering to hold an offer open, may not be revoked.

Termination of Offers (cont’d) Termination by Rejection If an offeree rejects an offer, the rejection immediately terminates the offer. Termination by Expiration When an offer specifies a time limit for acceptance, that period if binding. If the offer specified no time limit, the offeree has a reasonable period in which to accept. Termination by Operation of Law Death or mental incapacity of the offeror terminates an offer. Destruction of subject matter terminates offer.

Acceptance The offeree must say or do something to accept. In a bilateral contract, the offeree generally must accept by making a promise. In a unilateral contract, the offeree must accept by performing. If the offer is ambiguous, the offeree may accept by either a promise or performance. Mirror Image Rule (Common Law) Requires that acceptance be on precisely the same terms as the offer.

UCC and the Battle of Forms An offeree may include in the acceptance terms that are additional to or different from those in the offer. Additional terms are those that bring up new issues. If both parties are merchants, the additional terms will generally become part of the contract. Different terms are those that contradict terms in the offer. The majority of states hold that different (contradictory) terms cancel each other out.

Communication of Acceptance Medium and Manner of Acceptance If an offer demands acceptance in a particular medium or manner, the offeree must follow those requirements. If the offer does not specify a type of acceptance, the offeree may accept in any reasonable manner and medium. Time of Acceptance: The Mailbox Rule An accceptance is generally effective upon dispatch, meaning the moment it is out of the offeree’s control.

Promissory Estoppel Under the doctrine of promissory estoppel, even if there is no contract a promise may be enforceable if: The offeror makes a promise knowing the offeree is likely to reply, The offeree does in fact reply; and The only way to avoid injustice is to enforce the promise.

“Vagueness or ambiguity in an offer or acceptance guarantees problems and may lead to litigation. The executive or consumer who articulates to herself precisely what she wants and then bargains clearly for it, is likely to spend more time doing business and less time in court.”

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