Session 1 “ICTs for Development” course Understanding ICT4D Session 1 “ICTs for Development” course Aim – to understand the definitions and concepts underlying ICT4D   Objectives – participants will be able to: - Define the whole and parts of ICT4D - Explain the connection between ICTs and development - Categorise the history of ICT4D - Categorise key theories and concepts of relevance to ICT4D

Is This ICT4D? 1.1. What Do We Mean By “ICT4D”? ASK – can you give me some examples of what we mean by ICT4D? Use Section 1.1 examples or similar and for each in turn ASK – is this ICT4D? >Key queries around geographic location and nature of activity. To understand further, look at I, C, T, D in turn. Image sources: http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/2013/09/who-can-you-call/; http://www.indianneurosurgery.com/; http://www.elfinancierocr.com/finanzas/Walmart-ofrecera-clientes-alianza-Credomatic_0_389361074.htm; http://www.alternet.org/economy/black-lives-still-matter

Defining Information and Communication Knowledge Information Data 1.1.1. Defining Information and Communication Give definition and example from Section 1.1.1 text of: data, information, knowledge. Image sources: http://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/165206203/in-rural-china-new-leaders-aren-t-familiar-faces; http://www.flhsa.org/regional-leaders-chart-new-directions-for-improving-community-health; http://www.stephencodrington.com/Hub/HK_Blog/Entries/2008/3/12_What_an_experience_in_Majiang!.html

CIPSO View of ICT System Capture Input Store Process Output Storage Retrieval Data Processed Data Information SOURCE RECIPIENT Core Information System Wider Information System Knowledge Use Section 1.1.1 text to explain CIPSO model and information value chain, including communication. Adapted from Lucey (2005) and Laudon & Laudon (2016)

Exercise EXERCISE This doctor is typing patient records into his laptop. In this case, give an example of: data, information, knowledge, communication. Image source: http://www.indianneurosurgery.com/

Different Scopes of ICT ICT Scope 3: All ICT Any entity that processes or communicates data in any form Any entity that processes or communicates data in electrical form ICT Scope 2: All Electrical ICT ICT Scope 1: All Digital ICT Any entity that processes or communicates digital data 1.1.2. Defining Technology and ICT Use Section 1.1.2 text to explain three scopes of ICT. Focus here is ICT Scope 1.

Different Scopes of Development Development Scope 3: Generic Development Development Scope 2: Geography- Specific Development Development Scope 1: Agenda- Specific Development Any progressive change in a society Any progressive change in a developing country Particular progressive changes in a developing country 1.1.3. Defining Development Use Section 1.1.3 text to explain three scopes of development. Focus here is Development Scope 1.

What is a Developing Country? OECD DAC list definition of developing country. Image source: http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/daclist.htm

Defining ICT4D 1.1.4. Defining ICT4D Read Section 1.1.4 definition. Implications of excluding Argentina and US examples given earlier.

Development Paradigms Dominant Phases of Particular Development Paradigms 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Modernisation Growth as development Technology transfer Transfer of ideas/values Dependency Core-periphery position within world system Breaking away Basic Needs Focus on basic needs High degree of state intervention (agricultural policies, credit, etc) Neo-Liberalism Beginning of retreat of the state Focus on markets – getting prices right Human Development Multi-dimensional – micro-credit, gender, environment, poverty, etc. Greater focus on participatory methods Post-Development Idea and discourse of development as problematic Sustainable Development Meeting current needs without compromising future needs; especially environment International Development Goals Millennium Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals 1.2. What Does “Development” Mean? ICT4D means technology is used to deliver international development agenda. But what is that agenda? It has changed over time. EXERCISE Read Section 1.2 text and then identify the development paradigm that would care most about: a) Poor people in developing countries? b) Changing culture in developing countries? c) The environment? d) Global structures of exploitation? e) The positive role of markets? f) The way development is framed and discussed? Adapted from: Ellis & Biggs (2001) and Heeks (2009a)

Exercise Look online to find the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and identify the ICT-specific targets within those goals. EXERCISE Find the MDGs and SDGs and identify the ICT-specific targets within those goals.

MDG 8F “In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications” ICT-related target for MDGs

SDG 9C “Significantly increase access to information and communications technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the Internet in least developed countries by 2020” Plus SDG targets that specifically identify ICTs in relation to: higher education scholarships (Goal 4 – 4B) women’s empowerment (Goal 5 – 5B) innovation capacity (Goal 17 – T17.8) ICT-related elements of SDGs

Critiques of ICT4D Development Paradigm ICT Role Modernisation ICTs transferred from global North have a central role in delivering economic growth and new cultural values Dependency ICTs transferred from global North could be exploitative, and greater emphasis should be on local development of ICTs which would have a central role in delivering economic growth Neo-Liberalism ICTs have an important role in connected enterprises and countries to local and global markets, and in increasing the efficiency of – and delivering alternatives to – the state Human Development ICTs are not central but locally-appropriate digital applications could deliver social and other development outcomes for those on lowest incomes Post-Development ICTs are not central but are carriers of discourse and sites for both exclusive and alternative approaches to development Sustainable Development ICTs are not central and can deliver either sustainable and just, or unsustainable and unjust development depending on the type of application 1.2.1. How Development Paradigms Shape ICT4D EXERCISE Read Box 1.4 and explain the main critiques of ICT4D. What are the implications for ICT4D? >Technical >Instrumental >Structural Source: developed from Prakash & De’ (2007) and Thapa & Saebo (2014)

Phases of ICT4D Issue / Phase ICT4D 0.0 (1960s – mid-1990s) ICT4D 1.0 (mid-1990s – mid-/late-2000s) ICT4D 2.0 (mid-/late-2000s onwards) Iconic Technology PC Database Telecentre Mobile Phone Key Application Data Processing Content (& Interaction) Services & Production The Poor Who? Consumers Innovators & Producers Key Goal Organisational Efficiency MDGs ?Growth & Development? Key Issue Technology's Potential Readiness & Availability Uptake & Impact Key Actor Government Donors & NGOs All Sectors Attitude Ignore --> Isolate Idolise --> Integrate Integrate --> Innovate Innovation Model Northern Pro-Poor --> Para-Poor Para-Poor --> Per-Poor Dominant Discipline Information Systems Informatics / Development Studies Tribrid of CS, IS and DS Development Paradigm Modernisation Human Development ?Development 2.0? 1.2.2. An ICT4D Development Paradigm? Alongside changes in development paradigms, also changes in way we think about ICT4D. EXERCISE Read Box 1.5 and identify the key differences between ICT4D 1.0 and ICT4D 2.0. >Role of the poor >Role of ICT >Foundations vs. impact Source: Heeks (2009a)

Disciplinary Foundations for Development Informatics Sociology Science/ Technology Studies Organisation/ Management Studies Technology & Development Information Systems Development Informatics Development Studies Informatics Information Science Communication Studies 1.3. Theoretical Foundations of ICT4D Two roles of theory (see Section 1.3 text): of knowledge, of change. 1.3.1. “I”, “C”, “T” and “D” Theories and ICT4D TAKEAWAY EXERCISE Identify home disciplines of the following theories: i. Communications-for-Development Framework (see Heeks & Molla 2009) >Communication Studies ii. Livelihoods Framework (see Heeks & Molla 2009) >Development Studies iii. Sein/Harindranath Framework (see Sein & Haridranath 2004) >Development Informatics iv. Unified Theory of Adoption and Use of Technology (see Venkatesh et al 2003) >Information Systems v. Inscription Theory (see Heeks 2002a) >Science/Technology Studies Computer Science Governance Economics Source: Heeks (2010c)

Design-Reality Gap Model Information Technology Processes Objectives and values Skills and knowledge Management systems and structures Other resources Reality ICT4D System Design Gap 1.3.2. Are There Any ICT4D Theories? E.g. Sein & Harindranath (2004), Kleine (2013). Also ICT4D value chain (next session) and design-reality gap model (explain via Section 1.3.2 text). Adapted from Heeks (2002b)