INVESTMENTS: Analysis and Management Third Canadian Edition W. Sean Cleary Charles P. Jones Prepared by Khalil Torabzadeh University of Lethbridge

Chapter 17 Company Analysis

Learning Objectives Define fundamental analysis at the company level. Explain the accounting aspects of a company’s earnings. Describe the importance of EPS forecasts. Estimate the P/E ratio of a company. Use the beta coefficient to estimate the risk of a stock. Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 2

Fundamental Analysis The third step in top-down approach is individual company analysis Goal: estimate share’s intrinsic value Constant growth version of dividend discount model Value justified by fundamentals Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 2

P0 = estimated EPS  justified P/E ratio Fundamental Analysis Earnings multiple could also be used P0 = estimated EPS  justified P/E ratio Stock is under- (over-) valued if intrinsic value is larger (smaller) than current market price Focus on earnings and P/E ratio Dividends paid from earnings Close correlation between earnings and stock price changes Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 3

Accounting Aspects of Earnings How is EPS derived and what does EPS represent? Financial statements provide majority of financial information about firms Analysis implies comparison over time or with other firms in the same industry Focus on how statements used, not made Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 4

Financial Statements Balance Sheet Items listed in order of liquidity (assets) or in order of payment (liabilities) Assets Cash vs. non-cash assets Non-cash assets may be worth more or less than the amount carried on the books Depreciation methods for fixed assets Inventory evaluation choices Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 5

Financial Statements Balance Sheet Liabilities Equity Fixed claims against the firm Equity Residual claims Adjusts when the value of assets change Linked to Income Statement “Snapshot” at one point in time Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 6

Financial Statements Income Statement EPS and DPS EBT - Taxes Net Income available to owners - Dividends Addition to Retained Earnings EPS and DPS Income Statement Sales or revenues - Product costs Gross profit - Period Costs EBIT - Interest EBT Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 7

Financial Statements Earnings per share EPS = Net Income/average number of shares outstanding Net Income before adjustments in accounting treatment or one-time events Certifying statements Auditors do not guarantee the accuracy of earnings, but only that statements are a fair financial representation Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 8

Problems with Reported Earnings EPS for a company is not a precise figure that is readily comparable over time or between companies Alternative accounting treatments used to prepare statements Difficult to gauge the ‘true’ performance of a company with any one method Investors must be aware of these problems Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 9

Analyzing a Company’s Profitability Important to determine whether a company’s profitability is increasing or decreasing and why Return on equity (ROE) emphasized because it is a key component in finding earnings and dividend growth EPS = ROE  Book value per share Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 10

Analyzing a Company’s Profitability: Return on Equity Share prices depend partly on ROE Management can influence ROE Decomposing ROE into its components allows analysts to identify adverse impacts on ROE and to predict future trends Highlights expense control, asset utilization, and debt utilization Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 11

Analyzing a Company’s Profitability: Return on Equity DuPont Analysis: ROE depends on the product of: Profit margin on sales: EBIT/Sales Total asset turnover: Sales/Total Assets Interest burden: Pre-tax Income/EBIT Tax burden: Net Income/Pre-tax Income Financial leverage: Total Assets/Equity ROE = EBIT efficiency  Asset turnover  Interest burden  Tax burden  Leverage Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 12

Obtaining Estimates of Earnings Expected EPS is of the most value Stock price is a function of future earnings and the P/E ratio Investors estimate expected growth in dividends or earnings by using quarterly and annual EPS forecasts Estimating internal growth rate EPS1 = EPS0(1+g) Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 13

Estimating an Internal Growth Rate Future expected growth rate matters in estimating earnings, dividends g = ROE  (1 – Payout ratio) Only reliable if company’s current ROE remains stable Estimate is dependent on the data period What matters is the future growth rate, not the historical growth rate Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 14

Forecasts of EPS Security analysts’ forecasts of earnings Consensus forecast superior to individual Time series forecast Use historical data to make earnings forecasts Evidence favours analysts over statistical models in predicting what actual reported earnings will be Analysts are still frequently wrong Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 15

Earnings Surprises What is the role of expectations in selecting stocks? Old information will be incorporated into stock prices if market is efficient Unexpected information implies revision Stock prices affected by Level and growth in earnings Market’s expectation of earnings Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 16

Earnings Game Analysts attempt to guess earnings Company provides “guidance” as to what it thinks earnings will be “Guidance number” plays a major role in the consensus estimate Variance of the actual reported earnings has constituted the earnings surprise Earning surprises are guided by companies in the form of earnings preannouncements Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Using Earnings Estimates The surprise element in earnings reports is what really matters There is a lag in adjustment of stock prices to earnings surprises One earnings surprise leads to another Watch revisions in analyst estimates Stocks with revisions of 5% or more – up or down – often show above or below-average performance Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 17

The P/E Ratio Measures how much investors currently are willing to pay per dollar of earnings Summary evaluation of firm’s prospects A relative price measure of a stock A function of expected dividend payout ratio, required rate of return, expected growth rate in dividends Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 18

Dividend Payout Ratio Dividend levels usually maintained Decreased only if no other alternative Not increased unless it can be supported Adjust with a lag to earnings In theory, the higher the expected payout ratio, the higher the P/E ratio However, growth rate will probably decline, adversely affecting the P/E ratio Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 19

Required Rate of Return A function of the riskless rate of return and a risk premium k = RF + RP Constant growth version of dividend discount model can be rearranged so that k = (D1/P0) + g Growth forecasts are readily available Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 20

Required Rate of Return Risk premium for a stock regarded as a composite of business, financial, and other risks If the risk premium rises (falls), then k will rise (fall) and P0 will fall (rise) If RF rises (falls), then k will rise (fall) and P0 will fall (rise) Discount rates and P/E ratios move inversely to each other Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 21

g = ROE  (1 – Payout ratio) Expected Growth Rate Function of return on equity and the retention rate g = ROE  (1 – Payout ratio) The higher the g, the higher the P/E ratio P/E ratio depends on Confidence that investors have in expected growth Reasons for earnings growth Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 22

The PEG Ratio where , g = The company’s earnings growth rate. Firms with low PEG ratios offer the “cheapest profit growth.” Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Fundamental Security Analysis in Practice Regardless of detail and complexity, analysts and investors seek an estimate of earnings and a justified P/E ratio to determine intrinsic value Security analysis always involves predicting an uncertain future; mistakes will be made and outlooks will differ Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17 23

Appendix 17A Financial Ratio Analysis Used to examine a firm’s financial performance A ratio on its own has limited value; to be useful, one must examine: Trends Ratios of comparable firms or industry benchmarks Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Appendix 17A Financial Ratio Analysis Five types of ratios used to analyze a firm: Liquidity: ability to generate cash and meet short-term debt Asset Management: ability to effectively manage its assets to generate sales and profits Debt Management: ability to effectively handle its debt Profitability: ability to generate profits Value: market value versus accounting values Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Example: XYZ Company Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Example: XYZ Company Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Example: XYZ Company Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Example: XYZ Company Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

A. Liquidity 1. Current Ratio = Current assets / Current liabilities For XYZ (2004): = 2,418,600 / 2,265,800 = 1.07 2. Quick Ratio = [CA – Inventory] / Current liabilities For XYZ (2004) = (2,418,600 – 1,803,100) / 2,265,800 = 0.27 Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

B. Asset Management 3. Average Collection Period (ACP) = Account Receivable / (Sales/365days) For XYZ (2004): = 380,400 / (4,448,000/365) = 31.22 days Note: A/R Turnover = Sales / Acct Receivable = 365 / ACP For XYZ (2004) = 365/31.22 days = 11.69 times Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

B. Asset Management (cont’d) 4. Inventory Turnover = Cost of goods / Inventory or = Net Sales / Inventory For XYZ (2004) (using COGS): = (4,005,800) /1,803,100 = 2.22 times Days Inventory = Inventory / Daily COGS (or Sales) = 365 / Inventory Turnover For XYZ (2004) = 365/2.22 = 164.4 days 5. Total Asset Turnover = Sales / TA = 4,488,000 / 4,270,000 = 1.042 Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

C. Debt Ratios 6. Debt Ratio = Total Debt / TA TA = Debt + Equity 6. Debt Ratio = Total Debt / TA = (2,265,800 + 963,700) / 4,270,000 = 0.756 7. Debt-to-Equity = Total Debt / Total Equity = (2,265,800 + 963,700) / 984,100 = 3.282 Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

C. Debt Ratios (cont’d) 8. Leverage Ratio (or Equity Multiplier) = TA / Equity = 4,270,000 / (984,100) = 4.339 Higher values More debt 9. TIE (or Interest Coverage) = EBIT / Interest = (150,900 + 79,000) / 79,000 = 2.91 times Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

D. Profitability 10. ROE = NI / Equity = 132,800 / 984,100 = 13.49% 11. ROA = NI / TA = 132,800 / 4,270,000 = 3.11% 12. Net Income Margin = NI / Sales = 132,800 / 4,448,000 = 2.99% Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

E. Value Ratios 14. P/E = Market Price per Share / EPS 13. Dividends Payout = DPS / EPS or = Common Dividends / Earnings Available to Common Shareholders = 32,200 / 130,200 = .2473 = 24.73% 14. P/E = Market Price per Share / EPS = 11.63 / 0.85 = 13.68 Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

E. Value Ratios (cont’d) 15. Market-to-book (M/B) = Market price per share / Book value per share = 11.63 / [(984,100 – 34,100) / 154,280] = 11.63 / 6.16 = 1.89 16. Dividend Yield = DPS / Market price per share = (32,200 / 153,237) / 11.63 = .21 / 11.63 = 1.81% Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

DuPont Analysis NI / Sales = Net Income Margin NI / TA = ROA Tax Burden Interest Burden EBIT Efficiency TA Turnover LeverageRatio NI / Sales = Net Income Margin NI / TA = ROA Leverage Ratio = TA / Equity Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

DuPont Analysis Net Profit Margin Asset Turnover Leverage Ratio Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

XYZ (2008) NI / EBT = 132,800 / 150,900 = .880 EBT / EBIT = 150,900 / (150,900 + 79,000) = 150,900 / 229,900 = .656 EBIT / Sales = 229,900 / 4,448,000 = .0517 Sales / TA = 1.042 (previously calculated) TA / Equity = 4.339 (previously calculated) ROE = (.8800)(.6564)(.0517)(1.042)(4.339) = .1350 = 13.50% This differs from the 13.49% we calculated previously due to rounding errors Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

XYZ (2008) NI / Sales = 0.0299 (previously calculated) Sales /TA = 1.042 (previously calculated) Calculate ROA = (.0299)(1.042) = .0311 = 3.11% (equals the 3.11% previously calculated) TA / Equity = 4.339 (previously calculated) So, ROE = (.0299)(1.042)(4.339) = 13.52% (differs from 13.49% previously calculated due to rounding errors) Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Liquidity Below average Bad trend Current and quick ratios of 1.07 and 0.27 are both well below industry averages of 1.69 and 1.09 Bad trend Current ratio has been steady, but quick ratio has deteriorated significantly Low and deteriorating quick ratio is due to high levels of inventory Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Asset Management Collections as measured by ACP is above average (31 days versus 47 days) and is improving Inventory turnover is very low (2.3 versus industry average of 8.2), and has been continually deteriorating, and they maintain high inventory levels TA turnover is below average, has been over the period, and continues to deteriorate Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Debt Management Debt levels have increased steadily and coverage has deteriorated Debt ratio is 0.76 (from 0.51 in 2004) Debt-to-equity is 3.28 (from 1.11 in 2004) Coverage is 2.91 (from 21.53 in 2004) Debt capacity and coverage are both below average Debt ratio is 0.76 versus 0.32 industry average Debt-to-equity is 3.28 versus 0.55 industry average Coverage is 2.91 versus 8.61 industry average Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Profitability Steady decline in net income margin, ROA, and ROE over period Below industry averages, except for ROE ROE is above average due to use of greater leverage (as noted above) Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

DuPont Analysis XYZ (2008) Industry averages (2008) ROE = (NI/Sales) (Sales/TA) ((TA/Equity) = (.0299)(1.042)(4.339) = 13.51*% Industry averages (2008) = (.0568)(1.23)(1.74) = 12.16*% This analysis suggests that XYZ displays an above average ROE due to its higher leverage factor, and despite the fact it has below average profitability and asset turnover *Rounded Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Value Ratios P/E and M/B ratios are close to average, which is also the case for their dividend yields (Note: a lower dividend yield implies a higher price) They have been close to, or slightly above average over the entire period This suggests the market views XYZ as an “average” company despite some of the problems we have observed Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

Summary Below average and deteriorating in terms of liquidity, inventory turnover, and debt management However, they are profitable, even if they are not up to industry standards, and their profitability is dwindling The market views XYZ as an “average” company despite its problems XYZ will probably have to deal with its debt, inventory and liquidity problems in order to maintain an average valuation in the market Cleary Jones/Investments: Analysis and Management, 3rd Canadian Edition, Chapter 17

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