Frog Dissection Miss Sauer

FROG ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” AMPHIBIA “double life” LATIN meaning KINGDOM _____________ PHYLUM ____________________________ SUBPHYLUM ___________________________ CLASS _______________________________ ORDER _____________________________ ANIMALIA CHORDATA VERTEBRATA “backbone” AMPHIBIA “double life” ANURA “without a tail”

Scientists believe other vertebrates evolved from BONY LOBE-FINNED fish

AMPHIBIAN CHARACTERISTICS Moist, thin skin without scales Aquatic larva changes to terrestrial adult Feet without claws Respiration with gills, lungs, skin, mouth Closed 2 loop circulation Ectothermic (cold blooded) Eggs without shells or multicellular membranes

http://users. erols. com/jkimball. ma http://users.erols.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/V/Vertebrates.html http://www.spekulantenguide.de/gifs/salamanderw.jpg

Thin, moist skin – no scales Mucous glands make it “slimy” Camouflage- for protection Some have poison glands http://www-binf.bio.uu.nl/dutilh/hall/kikkers.html

BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm BREATHING THROUGH SKIN is called CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION

ECTOTHERMIC “cold blooded” Body temperature is dependent on surrounding environment http://www.vanscyoc.net/randy/garden/wildlife/image4.htm

HIBERNATION/ ESTIVATION FAT stored in FAT BODIES provides energy Images from: http://www.enc.org/Classroom_Calendar/CC_Units/Unit_Images/185.jpg http://www.reptilis.org/pyxi/image5.htm

Nictitating membrane image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html

NO CLAWS image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html

What sex is it? Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm

AMPLEXUS “firm embrace” Sperm and egg released @ same time and place; which increases chances of fertilization.

TONGUE attached at front not back like yours! Imagse from: http://www.animationlibrary.com http://www.geocities.com/animalbio/biology.htm TONGUE attached at front not back like yours!

Pulls food into digestive system Muscular Back of throat Pulls food into digestive system image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html

Connect ears to back of throat image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html Connect ears to back of throat

GULLET Opening to digestive GLOTTIS Opening to respiratory image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html GULLET Opening to digestive GLOTTIS Opening to respiratory

Images from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/frog_dissection.htm

Image from; http://faculty. clintoncc. suny. edu/faculty/Michael Image from; http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm

Females may have black & white eggs Image from; http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20 Laboratory/frog%20dissection/frog%20dissection_files/frame.htm Females may have black & white eggs

Pericardial membrane around heart Mesentery holds intestines together image from: http://www.spc.cc.tx.us/biology/jmckinney/Studyimages/frog/frogdissectlist.html Pericardial membrane around heart Mesentery holds intestines together

Mesentery holds intestines together image from: http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm Mesentery holds intestines together

FAT BODIES Store fat for energy during: Hibernation Estivation Breeding Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

CONTROLS passage of food from stomach into duodenum (intestine) http://www.health.auckland.ac.nz/departments/neurophysiology/public/teaching/alimentary_lectures/datashow/1-overview/gfx/pylorus.jpg PYLORIC SPHINCTER CONTROLS passage of food from stomach into duodenum (intestine)

Gall Bladder Image from: http://school.discovery.com/quizzes6/muskopf/frog.html

STOMACH: LIVER: GALL BLADDER Make acid and digestive enzymes Start digestion (grind up food) Make bile Store glycogen Store vitamins Process toxins (including nitrogen waste) for kidneys Store bile

PANCREAS

Pancreas (enlarged)

PANCREAS: Makes TRYPSIN, INSULIN, GLUCAGON TRYPSIN- breaks down proteins INSULIN- tells cells to store glucose from bloodstream as glycogen GLUCAGON- tells cells to release stored glucose to blood stream

SPLEEN Produces and stores new RBC’s and processes old worn out ones

SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM Receives trypsin and bile; finishes digestion ILEUM Absorbs nutrients VILLI Increase surface area http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/Biog101_104/tutorials/frog.html http://neuromedia.neurobio.ucla.edu/campbell/epithelium/wp_images/107%20villi.jpg

LARGE INTESTINE Removes water from digestive waste; concentrates feces http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/largeintestine.html LARGE INTESTINE Removes water from digestive waste; concentrates feces

KIDNEYS- Remove nitrogen waste from blood and dilute it with water to make urine; osmoregulation Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

URINARY BLADDER STORES URINE MADE BY KIDNEYS LARVAE (Tadpoles) Excrete AMMONIA like fish Adult frogs excrete UREA to conserve water http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm

CLOACA DIGESTIVE EXCRETORY REPRODUCTIVE

http://www. flushing. k12. mi. us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/index http://www.flushing.k12.mi.us/srhigh/tippettl/biology/frog/index.html LUNGS: GAS EXCHANGE http://www.stclement.pvt.k12.il.us/studentWeb/science98/GarrittPatM/alveoli.gif

BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/snc2g1/frogresp.htm BREATHING WITH LUNGS is called PULMONARY RESPIRATION

Larvae breathe with GILLS

OVARIES Make eggs Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

Carry eggs to cloaca Add jelly coating Image from: http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html Carry eggs to cloaca Add jelly coating

TESTES MAKE SPERM http://step.sdsc.edu/projects95/Frog.Dissection/index.html

TESTES KIDNEY

AMPLEXUS “firm embrace”

INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT Grow legs; Lose tail 2 chambers  3 chambers 1 loop  2 loops Breathe w/ gills  lungs & skin Excrete ammonia  excrete urea (gills & kidneys) (kidneys) http://saczoo.com/3_kids/images

Ways tadpoles are like fish: Have a LATERAL LINE Breathe with gills Excrete nitrogen waste as AMMONIA (with gills & kidneys) Have a 2 chamber heart Have a 1 loop circulatory system

HEART 3 chambered heart Right atrium Left atrium Ventricle Image from: http://www.digitalfrog.com/resources/froggallery.html

TADPOLES & FISH: 2 chambered heart 1 loop system ADULT FROG: Images from: http://www2.volstate.edu/msd/BIO/1020/Lab7ChordateII.htm TADPOLES & FISH: 2 chambered heart 1 loop system ADULT FROG: 3 chamber heart 2 loop system

MOST vertebrates have nuclei in their RBC’s MAMMALS DON’T RBCs’ image from: http://www.fish-news.com/RG4001.jpg Human RBC image from: http://www.nigms.nih.gov/moleculestomeds/images/bloodcells.gif

Conus arteriosus FISH CIRCULATION Sinus venosus   Atrium GILLS BODY organs    Atrium GILLS   Conus arteriosus Ventricle  FISH CIRCULATION

Conus arteriosus FROG CIRCULATION Sinus venosus    Body organs   RIGHTAtrium LEFT Atrium  Lungs       Conus arteriosus  Ventricle  FROG CIRCULATION

Conus arteriosus FROG CIRCULATION Sinus venosus    Body organs   RIGHTAtrium LEFT Atrium  Lungs       Conus arteriosus  Ventricle  FROG CIRCULATION

BRAIN http://www.manheimcentral.org/~tw005690/Frog/frog.htm

Tympanum Lungs External Nares Liver Internal Nares Gall Bladder Maxillary Teeth Stomach Vomerine Teeth Small Intestine Eustachian Tubes Large Intestine Tongue Spleen Esophagus Kidney Glottis Oviducts/Eggs Heart Testis

Tympanum The tympanum, found just behind the eyes, functions as the ears of the frog. They receive sound waves both above and below water allowing the frog to hear. Home

External Nares The nares primary role is to let air into and out of the frog. This is a view of the nares from outside of the frog. Home

Internal Nares The nares primary role is to let air into and out of the frog. This is a view of the nares from inside of the frog. Home

This set of teeth is used for holding prey. Maxillary Teeth This set of teeth is used for holding prey. Home

This set of teeth is also used for holding prey. Vomerine Teeth Home

The eustachian tubes function to equalize pressure on both sides of the eardrum or tympanum Home

Tongue The tongue aids in swallowing and catching prey. In humans the tongue also aids in speech and taste. Home

Glottis The glottis is the opening between the vocal chords at the upper part of the windpipe or larynx. Home

Esophagus Food is swallowed through the esophagus where peristalsis aids its movement to the stomach. Home

Lungs The lungs transport oxygen to the blood as well as remove waste like carbon dioxide through a process called respiration. Home

Heart Unlike the human heart the heart of a frog only has three chambers (two atria and one ventricle) however the role and function is the same. The heart pumps blood throughout the body carrying oxygen and nutrients and picking up waste to be filtered by other parts of the body. Home

Large Intestine The main role of the large intestine is to absorb water and store fecal material until it can be excreted from the body. Home

Small Intestine The small intestine receives the mixture of chyme from the stomach through the pyloric valve. In the small intestine nutrients are absorbed from the tiny villi lining the inner walls of the small intestine. Home

Stomach In the stomach food is further broken down by gastric juices and peristalsis until it becomes a liquid substance called chyme. Home

Liver The liver produces bile, a substance that emulsifies fats contained within the food we eat, and stores it in the gall bladder to be secreted into the small intestine. Home

Gall Bladder The gall bladder stores bile that is received from the liver. Bile is secreted from the gall bladder into the first section of the small intestine (duodenum) to help aid in digestion. Home

Spleen The spleen helps to destroy old red blood cells and lymphocytes, which are cells that produce antibodies to help fight infected and cancerous cells. Home

Kidneys The Kidneys filter out waste from the blood through structures known as nephrons. The waste removed is combined with water to form urine. Home

Oviducts & Eggs The oviducts are tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus. The eggs are the female reproductive cell. Home

Testis The testis are the male reproductive gland that produce sperm and male hormones such as testosterone. Home

Tympanum Lungs External Nares Liver Internal Nares Gall Bladder Maxillary Teeth Stomach Vomerine Teeth Small Intestine Eustachian Tubes Large Intestine Tongue Spleen Esophagus Kidney Glottis Oviducts/Eggs Heart Testis