عسر القراءة في اللغة العربية: كلية التربية – جامعة حيفا

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Presentation transcript:

عسر القراءة في اللغة العربية: كلية التربية – جامعة حيفا النظرية والتطبيق بروفسور سليم أبو ربيعة كلية التربية – جامعة حيفا

عسر القراءة في اللغة العربية: النظرية والتطبيق ظاهرة الدسلكسيا في اللغات المختلفة: اللغة العربية، الصينية، اليابانية، الإيطالية... هل ظاهرة الدسلكسيا في اللغة الإنكليزية تحاكي هذه الظاهرة في لغات أخرى؟ هل مميزات اللغة تؤثر على "وجه" العسر القرائي؟ نعم....

فاللغة الإنجليزية تتطلب جهداً كبيراً من القارئ إذا ما قورنت مع اللغة الصينية. فالأخيرة يتعلمها الطفل عن طريق الاعتماد على المسارات البصرية. أما الإنجليزية، فالقدرة النغمية والبصرية معا. وهذا يجعل ظاهرة الدسلكسيا أكثر تعقيدا في اللغة الإنجليزية. (Wydell, T., & Butterworth, B. [1999]. A case study of an English Japanese bilingual with monolingual dyslexia. Cognition, 70, 273-305).

إذاً طبيعة اللغة تتدخل في "وجه" وكيفية ظهور هذه الظاهرة وتؤثر بشكل كبير على تطور المهارات اللغوية لدى هؤلاء القراء. فإذا كانت اللغة تتميز بكتابة عميقة (Deep orthography): أي أن العلاقة بين النغمة والحرف هي عادةً ما تكون غير مباشرة، فهذا يتطلب جهداً كبيراً للسيطرة على تحليل الوحدات الكتابية وتحويلها إلى تمثيل نغمي والعكس طبعا صحيح.

أما إذا كانت اللغة تتميز بكتابة سطحية (Shallow orthography): أي أن العلاقة بين النغمة والحرف هي عادةً ما تكون مباشرة، فهذا يسهل على اكتساب القراءة. [Ziegler, J. C., & Goswami, U. (2005). Reading acquisition, developmental dyslexia, and skilled reading across languages: A psycholinguistic grain size theory. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 2-29].

ماهي الصفات المشتركة لهؤلاء القراء؟ إذا اعتبرنا أن ظاهرة الدسلكسيا هي "اضطراب ذو أصول جينية متعلق بالوظائف الدماغية" (Smith et al., 1998) فالأبحاث تظهر بوضوح أن للدسلكسيا وجهاً ظاهراً، نحكم عليه حسب تحصيل القارئ في امتحانات معينة ووجه دماغي خفي. فالوجه الظاهر هو الذي يختلف ويتلون حسب طبيعة اللغة. أما الوجه الخفي فهو ذلك الإضطراب الدماغي الذي يُوحّد جميع أصحاب هذه الظاهرة. فيوضح هذه الظاهرة (Paulesu, E. et al. (2001). Dyslexia: Cultural diversity and biological unity. Science, 291, 2165- 2167).

“Is dyslexia a disorder with a universal neuro- anatomical basis, or is it different disorder in shallow and deep orthographies? Our results are clear-cut. They show that dyslexia has a universal basis in the brain and can be characterized by the same neurocognitive deficit. Clearly, the manifestation in reading behavior is less severe in a shallow orthography" (P. 167).

هذا طبعاً مع الأخذ بالحسبان بأن تعريف "عسر القراءة" متعدد بحيث لا يُجمِع الباحثون على تعريف واحد وذلك لتعدد خلفيات الباحثين في هذا المجال. فقد كان تعريف "عسر القراءة" لفترة طويلة يعتمد على الفارق بين درجة الذكاء (I.Q) والتحصيل اللغوي. وفي هذه الحالة نقصد القراءة. ولا يزال العديد من الباحثين متمسكين بهذا التعريف بالرغم من التناقض الواضح فيه. ففي مقالة نقدية ل: Siegel, L. S., & Smythe, I. (2005). Reflections on research on reading disability. Journal of learning Disabilities, 83, 473-477.

"Leiderman et al. (2005) defined reading disability, also called dyslexia, as a discrepancy between IQ scores and measured achievement so that achievement, in this case reading, is significantly lower than what would be predicted by IQ. In their review, Leiderman et al. persist in using the discrepancy definition despite the illogical nature of this definition and the empirical evidence showing that it is not necessary in defining or understanding RD".

" Therefore, the IQ test should not be used in the diagnosis of RD " Therefore, the IQ test should not be used in the diagnosis of RD. As Stanovich (1989) noted, if IQ and reading are related, then why do we assume that reading must be significantly lower than IQ for a child to be called reading disabled? This is one of the most illogical aspects of the discrepancy definition". (P. 475) فاليوم هناك طرح آخر وهو نقطة القطع العشوائية (%25 >) .

إذا، بماذا تختلف اللغة العربية عن اللغات الأخرى؟ الفصحى والعامية (Ferguson, 1959) الحركات التي تضاف إلى الوحدات الكتابية (Short vowels) ظاهرة الهوموغراف (Homograph phenomenon) الأحرف المتشابهة للقارئ الضعيف والمبتدئ قراءة النصوص غير المحركة (للقارئ الماهر) قراءة النصوص المحركة المرفولوجيا المعقدة جمل مفيدة مؤلفة من كلمة واحدة تحريك أواخر الكلمات خلال القراءة (Indicating grammatical function)

إذا، من المؤكد أن هذه الصفات أو قسماً منها سيؤثر على المسيرة التعليمية ويجعلها أسهل أو أصعب من لغات أخرى. لقد تناول البحث العلمي هذه الصفات وأثرها على قراءة طلاب الدسلكسيا وكذلك على الطلاب العاديين، ورشح عنه الكثير من النتائج العلمية القيمة:

طريقة البحث المتبعة عادةً تأخذ بالحسبان المتغيرات التالية: عمر الطفل الزمني (عسير القراءة) فرقة ضابطة من القراء العاديين فرقة ضابطة من القراء بنفس العمر القرائي هذا كي نقارن بين الطالب عسير القراءة وزميله القارئ العادي الذي في نفس عمره الزمني، ومع القارئ العادي الصغير الذي في نفس العمر القرائي لقراء عسر القراءة.

في بحث (Abu-Rabia, Share & Mansour, 2003) تناول القراءة وبعض المهارات/القدرات الفكرية للقراء العاديين وعسيري القراءة وذلك للتعرف على صفاتهم في اللغة العربية

النتائج

Regarding the visual processing results of the present study, basic visual memory appears to be clearly an important process in acquiring Arabic reading, as is evident in Hebrew too (Meyler, 1993; Meyler & Brezintz, 1998), but not in English (Ellis &Large, 1987, 1988). Our findings in Arabic were similar to Hebrew results’ which is not surprising because the two languages have many commonalities (see Share & Levin, 1999). The differences between Semitic and English orthography may explain the different findings.

Both Arabic and Hebrew scripts appear to make heavy demands on the visuo-spatial processing of the letters, roots, affixes, and short vowels posted on and/or under the letters, and of letter similarities (Abu-Rabia, 2001; Share & Levin, 1999)

In sum, the reading-disabled in Arabic generally showed similar characteristics to those reported in the literature: poor phonological processing, poor working memory skills, and poor syntactic skills. However, they tend to show strong visual-orthographic patterns of reading from early age. Phonology seems to be extremely powerful, followed by morphology and visual memory. Syntax and working memory are also important, although they show less consistency.

وفي بحث آخر (Abu-Rabia & Zaher-Rahmon)

In sum, the findings of our study enhance Abu-Rabia, Share and Mansour`s (2003) results regarding phonology and morphology in Arabic and the short vowelization is helpful to the reading of normal and dyslexic readers. The morphology of Arabic is also essential in reading of all readers. Based on these findings a few conclusions can be drawn for the learning and teaching Arabic:

A) Teaching Arabic should be practiced through explicit phonological drilling and full vowelization. B) Teaching of Arabic should also include explicit learning of the morphology of Arabic, starting with the key to lexical access, the root; and C) The phonology and morphology should be jointly taught in order to allow nature reading and spelling development.

هذه النتائج تكررت في كثير من الأبحاث التي أجريت في اللغة العربية. وبالنسبة لطبيعة اللغة العربية فنرى تأثيرها أيضاً في بحث آخر؛ (Abu-Rabia & Taha, 2004):

Reading Error Analysis

1 – Nonsemantic semiphonetic 2 – Semantic and nonmorphological semiphonetic 3 – Semantic dysphonetic 4 – Nonsemantic dysphonetic 5 – Morphological 6 – Addition of functional words 7 – Visual-letter confusion

8 – Irregular pronunciation rules 9 – Semantic-sentence guessing 10 – Semantic 11 – Omitting functional words

Reading Error Analysis Figure 1. Mean errors of all groups in reading texts.

1 – Nonsemantic semiphonetic 2 – Semantic and nonmorphological semiphonetic 3 – Semantic dysphonetic 4 – Nonsemantic dysphonetic 5 – Morphological 6 – Addition of functional words 7 – Visual-letter confusion

8 – Irregular pronunciation rules 9 – Semantic-sentence guessing 10 – Semantic 11 – Omitting functional words

Spelling Error Analysis Figure 2. Means of scores of all readers in reading isolated words.

1 – Phonetic 2 – Semiphonetic 3 – Dysphonetic 4 – Letter confusion 5 – Irregular spelling rules 6 – Word omission 7 – Functional word omissions

Spelling Error Analysis Figure 4. Means of spelling errors of all groups in texts.

1 – Phonetic 2 – Semiphonetic 3 – Dysphonetic 4 – Letter confusion 5 – Irregular spelling rules 6 – Word omission 7 – Functional word omissions

Figure 7. The suggested Model of Reading errors.

Figure 4. The suggested Model of Spelling errors.

The conclusion of our study can be summed up in two points: 1): disabled readers revealed error profiles that resembled the error profiles of the reading-level-matched peers, which indicates a developmental profile in reading and writing (Olson, 1994). 2): the nature of Arabic orthography contributed specific profiles of errors among the reading disabled and the reading-level-matched peers: the influence of diglossia, morphology, and phonology (vowels).

These error profiles enabled us to understand the developmental profile of reading and spelling among these native Arabic children and to understand the cognitive profiles that intervene in their process of reading and spelling. Our study has some implications for the field of Arabic reading and spelling acquisition: 1) Early intervention in exposure to literary Arabic should help overcome the diglossia effect.

2) Equip children from early ages with morphological knowledge of Arabic. 3) Equip children from early ages with knowledge of vowelized reading and vowelized Arabic script.

The End