Foundations of Civilization Chapter Focus: What was life like in early times and how did it change as civilization began to develop?

Studying the Historical Past 1.1 - Understanding Our Past* Focus: What have scholars learned about the ancestors of humans and how have they done so?* Studying the Historical Past Historians: scholars who study and write about the historical past* Artifacts: objects made by humans (clothing, tools weapons, art)* Written evidence (letters, tax records)*

1.1 Two Categories of History: Prehistory: Time before the invention of writing* Written history: Time when recorded history began* ~ 5,000 years ago

Anthropology Archaeology 1.1 Prehistory Anthropology The study of people and the development of their societies* Bones – physical traits Culture: way of life of a society, including its beliefs, values, and practices* Archaeology The study of past people and cultures through their material remains* Buildings or artifacts

1.1 Discoveries Mary & Louis Leakey Discover ancient tools in Oldulvai Gorge, a canyon in Tanzania, Africa* Date 1.7-2.1 million years ago echnology: The skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs and wants*

1.1 Discoveries Hominid Includes humans and their closest relatives, all walk upright on two feet* Opposable thumbs* 1959 Mary Leakey finds skull of early hominid 1974 Donald Johanson Discovered the first skeleton of an early hominid in Ethiopia* Named Lucy *- ~3 million years ago

Prehistory* 2 Time Periods* Old Stone Age* New Stone Age* 1.2 – Turning Point: The Neolithic Revolution* Focus: How was the introduction of agriculture a turning point in prehistory?* Prehistory* 2 Time Periods* Old Stone Age* New Stone Age*

1.2 Old Stone Age – Paleolithic Period* Nomads People who move from place to place to find food* Characteristics: 7* 20-30 people Hunter-gatherers Tools & weapons (stone,bone,wood) Use fire Develop spoken language Travel across water (~40,000 years ago) Religious – bury their dead – life after death Animism – belief that spirits & forces reside in animals, objects or dreams*

1.2 New Stone Age – Neolithic Period*(10,000 BC to end of prehistory) Neolithic Revolution: transition from nomadic life to settled farming* Learn to farm**no need to travel in search of food* First permanent villages Advances in technology and culture First to domesticate plants & animals* Raise in a controlled way that makes them suited to human use* Plants – seeds scattered Animals – use for food, skins, or for benefits (milk,eggs) Farming began at different times around the world Plant & animal domestication varied by location

Characteristics of Settled Villages* 1.2 Neolithic Villages Characteristics of Settled Villages* Work divided by gender and age* Men dominate family, economy, politics* Warfare (food scarce) – warrior prestige Accumulate personal property – social status Technology First calendars (plant & harvest) Animals to work fields Workshops – pottery, tools, clothing

First Cities and Civilizations Arise* 1.3 – Beginnings of Civilizations* Focus: How did the world’s first civilizations arise and develop?* First Cities and Civilizations Arise* Located near major rivers* Water supply Transportation Food Favored farming – silt renews soil Conditions Provide a surplus of food – more than is necessary* Support larger population* – villages grow into cities

1.3 First Cities and Civilizations Arise Civilization – complex, highly organized social order* The first civilizations develop in 4 river valleys* Sumer – Tigris & Euphrates Rivers in the Middle East* Egypt – Nile River* India – Indus River* Shang China – Huang River*

1.3 First Cities and Civilizations Arise Cities differ from traditional economies:* Rely on habit, custom, or ritual and tends not to change over time* Continue to hunt & gather food and live in farm villages Steppes – dry grasslands* Nomadic herders tend cattle, sheep, goats, etc.

1.3 Civilization Features of Civilization (7) Organized Governments* Production of food Projects: canals, irrigation ditches Laws, taxes, defense

1.3 Features of Civilization Complex Religions* Polytheistic – belief in many gods* Ceremonies, dances, prayers, hymns Job Specialization* Each worker focuses on one particular job* Artisan – skilled craftspeople* Merchants, dancers, soldiers

1.3 Features of Civilization Social Classes* Ranked by job* Priests & Nobles Wealthy Merchants Artisans Peasant Farmers Slaves

1.3 Features of Civilization Arts & Architecture* Express talents, beliefs, and values Public Works* Irrigation systems, roads, bridges, defense walls

1.3 Features of Civilization Writing* Pictographs – simple drawings that look like the objects they represent* Scribes – trained to read, write, and keep records*

Empire – group of states or territories controlled by one ruler* 1.3 Civilizations Change Environment Natural Disaster Cultural Diffusion – spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one group to another Migration, trade, warfare* City-state – political unit that includes a city and its surrounding lands and villages* Empire – group of states or territories controlled by one ruler*