General Introduction and Books 1-12 The Odyssey General Introduction and Books 1-12 Shipwreck scene on a Greek vase painting (8th century)

The Poet and his Works - Homer lived in the second half of the 8th century in western Turkey (probably Izmir) Wrote two major epics: Iliad Odyssey - Was a professional poet, probably of noble origin Statues of Homer from the Roman Period Figurine of a poet with a harp, 8th century BC

The Trojan War: myth or reality? Neither archaeology nor historical sources have provided evidence that the Trojan War really took place as described in the Homeric epics. However, this does not mean that the epics contain no truth at all. Poetry is not history! Clearly the important geo-strategic position of Troy always led to conflicts over control of the city. Homer and other poets may have combined the many smaller wars fought at Troy into one single event of unprecedented scale. For the Ancient Greeks the Trojan War certainly reflected historical reality.

Literacy in Greece at the time of Homer Origin of the alphabet in Phoenicia. Introduced from there to Greece during the 8th century. Earliest inscription in Greek alphabetic script (late 8th century) already contains a reference to Homers Iliad.

The Odyssey: The Contents Trojan War: 10 years Odysseus’ wanderings: 10 years Period actually covered: 40 days Retrospective: Books 9-12 24 books: - Books 1-4: Council of the gods, situation on Ithaca - Books 5-12: Odysseus wanderings Books 13-16: Odysseus outside of the palace Books 17-22: Odysseus inside the palace Book 23: Odysseus in his bedchamber

The Geographical Framework Troy Ithaca Only the starting and ending points of Odysseus’ wanderings can be placed on a map. All other locations remain unknown.

Odysseus’ Deeds The Trojan Horse The blinding of the Cyclops

Odysseus’ attributes Hero with strength and courage Pious, always honoring the gods Intelligent and resourceful Able to endure suffering Determined to reach his goal

Fate or free will? ‘But when in the circling of the years that very year came in which the gods had spun for him his time of homecoming …’ (Book 1, 16-17) ‘Even so he could not save his companions, hard though he strove to; they were destroyed by their own wild recklessness, fools, who devoured the oxen of Helios, the Sun God, and he took away the day of their homecoming.’ (Book 1, 6-9) ‘Oh for shame, how the mortals put the blame upon us gods, for they say evils come from us, but it is they, rather, who by their own recklessness win sorrow beyond what is given …’ (Book 1, 32-34)

The Gods Zeus: father of the gods; impartial judge Poseidon: god of the sea; Odysseus’ adversary Athena: goddess of wisdom; Odysseus’ helper