Scientific Method – Scientist Working together

A question that you want to test. Must be in the form of a question. Problem  A question that you want to test. Must be in the form of a question. Research  Gathering information on the question Hypothesis Prediction of the outcome of the problem and is based on research. “If…..then…” statement Experiment  Test one variable Have a control to which you will compare results Repeat this step many times Collect and Analyze Data  Document both quantitative and qualitative data Make graphs and tables to show quantitative data Find averages of data Draw a Conclusion  Summary what happened in your experiment Identify a real world application Communicate  Report findings to public, scientific journal, presentation

According to the diagram, which question is being tested? Do flowering plants grow taller in red, green or yellow light. How much fertilizer do flowering plants need? Does adding fertilizer cause flowering plants to grow taller? What is the best kind of soil to make plants grow taller?

2. According to the diagram, which question is being tested? Do flowering plants grow taller when watered with salt water? Does adding fertilizer cause flowering plants to grow taller? What is the best kind of fertilizer that a gardener can give a flowering plant?

3. What variable describes how tall the plant grows? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control

5. What variable describes whether or not the plant receives fertilizer? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control

4. What variable describes the size of the pots? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control

6. What variable describes the amount of water a plant receives? Independent Variable Dependent Variable Control

A Hypothesis Must Be… Must Be Testable Must Avoid Opinion or Bias Written as an If…Then… statement Must avoid Personal Pronouns ( I , Me, We, You) If (independent variable) , then (dependent variable)

Example A hypothesis is a possible answer to a question. Question: What effect does stirring have on a solutions dissolving rate (time/speed)? Answer: Hypothesis : If the water is stirred , then the tablet will dissolve at a faster rate. IDV : ? DV: ?

Example of Inferences and Predictions Observation : The grass on the school’s front lawn is wet. Prediction: It will dry by noon. Possible Inferences: It Rained. There is dew on the grass.

Multiple trials in the same experiment Replication Repetition Redo whole experiment Multiple trials in the same experiment

Lesson Launcher 9/6 Damon notices the ground outside is wet. He thinks it is wet because of the sprinklers. This is a(n) ___________. Observation Inference Prediction If a scientist thinks of a new way to build a bridge he is exhibiting what attitude? Creativity Honesty Curiosity What are the effects of the tide on barnacles? What is the test (independent) variable? The water quality The number of barnacles The different level tides Once Jason had completed his experiment, he redid the whole experiment again before he published his findings. What scientific process is Jason exhibiting? Multiple trials Replication Repetition Why did Jason redo his experiment? Just because he felt like it To show his teacher he could repeat his findings To make sure his findings are valid and correct What should all scientific investigations be based on? Opinion Theory Evidence

Spiraling Lesson Launcher 9/13 What type of heat transfer are the following scenarios? ( radiation , convection , conduction) Radiation – Heat transfer through light Convection – Heat transfer through rise and cooling of air / water. Conduction – Heat transfer through touch A person placing their cold hands over a warm fire. Putting your wet shoes on a floor vent to dry them faster Macaroni rising and falling in a pot of boiling water Using a heating blanket to get warm Water being heating in a pot sitting on a hot burner. A person placing their hand over a hot burner Picking up a hot cup of coffee Lying out in the sun to get a tan Touching a metal spoon that is sitting in a pot of boiling water Answers Radiation Conduction Convection Radiation Conduction Convection

How Does Scientific Information Change? How do scientist form scientific explanations? (pg. 65) Scientist form scientific explanations by using researching, designing experiments, researching information, and making models. What is empirical evidence? (pg. 66) Data and observations that has been collect through the scientific process How do scientist affect society? (pg. 69) Scientist affect society when they have a new discovery they have to include the public and defend their discovery. What is scientific controversy? (69-71) A disagreement between a scientist’s work and a society's beliefs. Video Times 3:03 12:00

How Does Scientific Information Change? Describe how each individual changed scientific knowledge. (pg. 69 -71) Galileo Galilei – changed the solar system model from geocentric to heliocentric. Ignaz Semmelweis – study maternal death rates and told doctors to wash hands before delivering a baby to decrease maternal death rates Rachel Carson – wrote a book about pesticides farmers were using that were harming wildlife – got DDT banned What does the video say about science and its change throughout history? Animals’ livers have three lobes while humans have two lobes. Humans do not have curved femur bones but instead straight. Humans have a single jaw bone not two, like dogs. Men and women have the same number of ribs. What is the only reason scientific information changes? Scientist have to gather evidence through scientific processes for information to change. Video Times 3:03 12:00

How Does Scientific Information Change? Write the following questions on odd page in notebook. Leave room for your answers. What is empirical evidence? (pg. 66) Data and observations that have been collected through scientific processes How do scientist affect society? (pg. 69) When they have a new discovery they have to include the public and defend their discovery. Describe how each individual changed scientific knowledge. (pg 69 -71) Galileo Galilei – changed the solar system model from geocentric to heliocentric. Ignaz Semmelweis – study maternal death rates and told doctors to wash hands before delivering a baby to decrease maternal death rates Rachel Carson – wrote a book about pesticides farmers were using that were harming wildlife – got DDT banned

How Does Scientific Information Change? What does the video say about science and its change throughout history? Animals’ livers have three lobes while humans have two lobes. Humans do not have curved femur bones but instead straight. Humans have a single jaw bone not two, like dogs. Men and women have the same number of ribs. What is the only reason scientific information changes? Scientist have to gather evidence through scientific processes for information to change.

Lesson Launcher 9/19 How do you know if an object will float or not? The object will float if its density is less than the liquid its in. The object will sink if the density is more than the liquid it is in. Density less than liquid = float Density more than liquid = sink An object has a mass of 10g and volume 2cm3. Will the object float in water? Sinks because its density is 5 g / cm3 which is greater than water’s density of 1 g / cm3 An object has a mass of 5g and volume 10cm3. Will the object float in water? Floats because its density is .5 g / cm3 which is less than water’s density of 1 g / cm3 . Density = mass divided by volume

Skills of a Scientist Observing – using senses to gather information Inferring – using evidence to make statement about past / present Predicting – using evidence to make statement about future Classifying – putting things in alike groups Evaluating – using data and observation to reach a conclusion Making models – representation of complex objects to help in understanding

Attitudes of a Scientist Open-mindness – accept new ideas Skepticism – attitude of doubt Curiosity – Eagerness to learn Honesty – Being ruthful Awareness of bias – likes or cultures do not affect interpretation Ethics – sense of right or wrong Creativity – inventive ways to solve problems