Europeans in the history of the world The place of Europe in populating the earth

History of Migratory Movements in Europe Peopling North America: Population Movements & Migration European migration across the Atlantic, beginning in the late fifteenth century, was not an anomaly within the European framework. For centuries prior to their arrival in the New World, Europeans had participated in extensive migrations throughout their continent and Asia. They were a mobile people, accustomed to the concepts of movement and migration. In many ways, the initial arrival in the New World by the Europeans and the advent of trans-Atlantic migration served to extend the migratory patterns that were already present in European society. Source: http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/migrations/F2.html

Introduction Since Ancient Greece to the mid 18th c., European population rose from 40 million to 140 million (=increase of 3.5x) World population increased from 230 million to 650 million (= increase of 2.8x) From the 19th c. European population increased considerably = great migratory flows of people

I. What was the role of Europe in populating the Earth from Antiquity to the 19th century?

A. Regular stages of demographic transition explain the successive migrations

What Historical periods characterize these stages? 1st Phase 1. The colonization of the Mediterranean basin in Ancient Greece and Rome

a. Role of the Greeks around the Mediterranean sea (like frogs around a pond) : transferring of the city elsewhere (e.g. Nice and Agde)

b. Role of the Romans: made conquests in the West and East and created colonies (e.g. Nimes, Arles, Orange)

2nd Phase 2. End of Ancient World - 1000 A.D. New population movements shook Europe before it began expanding again in the Mediterranean

a. Barbarian invasions led to the fall of the Roman Empire

b. Advances of Islam, from the 8th c. A.D. held back Christianity

Crusades and Reconquista 3rd Phase 3. between the 11th and 13th centuries: most important European movements occured when demographic growth reappeared Crusades and Reconquista

4th Phase 4. 14th Century: Black Plague ravaged Europe between 1348 and 1352 marking a break by dramatically slowing down the fragile growth = 25 M dead or 1/3 of the population

5th Phase 5. Great discoveries of the Renaissance to the Colonization of other continents Discovery of America (15th century) Leading to the establishment of colonies in North & South America, Asia and Africa

European Colonization: several consequences Setting up of colonies and slave trade Building of Empires and civilizations (15th- 19th C) Exploitation of resources Imposing languages, religion Coherent societies form & progressively detach themselves from the mother country

Push and Pull factors of Immigration Push factors (negative): why people want to leave their native country Famine, war, persecution, overcrowding Pull Factors (positive): why people want to move to a new place New economic, social, political opportunities Video: Opportunity Beckoned

Push & Pull Factors towards other lands 19th century, the colonization of Africa and Asia responded to an increased need for land due to the rapid demographic growth since the end of the 18th century. Gave access to coveted resources (rubber, gold, spices, etc)

B. How can we explain this growth? For a long period, limited growth Preindustrial phase characterized by a high mortality rate (famine, war, epidemics) and a high birth rate to compensate

Change in 18th century: decrease in mortality rate agricultural improvements increased food production and reduced famines Enclosures act in England, planting alfalfa & turnips, new machines (threshing machine, hay-tossing machine), iron tools progress in hygiene and medicine reduced the number of epidemics Study of anatomy, surgery techniques, vaccinations, etc… Smallpox vaccine (Edward Jenner 1796 – link between cowpox & smallpox) Rabies vaccination, use of antiseptics 19

Why did population growth in the world and particularly in Europe increase so rapidly in the 19th century? Population Growth Since the birth rate remained high, demographic growth was high (phase 2)

World Population Growth 1700-1900 Regions (in millions) 1700 1800 1900 Asia 436 646 902 Europe 125 195 422 Africa 106 101 118 North America 2 5 90 Central and South America 10 19 75 Oceania 3 6 World Total 682 968 1613 In which century is there the most significant increase in population? Which regions contribute the most to this increase? Source: Population et société, n°394, octobre 2003 21

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