New Civilizations in Eastern and Western Hemispheres 2200 – 250 BCE

Development of Early China, 2000-250 BCE

Early China, 2000 – 221 BCE Composed of Two (2) major geographical regions West and Northwest Steppe, Desert, High Plateau Eastern Zone Fertile land, more suitable for agriculture

Early China, 2000 – 221 BCE Geographic isolation made for slow trade Trade facilitated through the Yellow and Yangzi Rivers

Early China, 2000 – 221 BCE Agriculture forces early population shifts from the drier, Northern Plains to the warmer, Southern lands. Monsoons bring adequate rainfall in summer

Early China, 2000 – 221 BCE As population shifts we see a shift in food production Millet and Wheat (North) Rice (South—able to be farmed due to rivers—Yangzi River Valley and monsoons)

Shang Period, 1750 – 1027 BCE Origins in the Yellow River Valley - later expands to include Mongolia, Gansu, and the Yangzi Valley

Politics of Shang Warrior Aristocracy Enjoyed warfare, hunting, exchanging of gifts, feasting, and wine-filled revelry King and Court make up core of the state Aristocrats serve as generals, ambassadors, and supervisors Rule of far off regions was by native rulers whom swore allegiance to the Shang

Politics and Religion Walled cities serve as centers of politics and religion Palaces, royal tombs, shrines, houses of nobility, administrative centers

Politics and Religion King is seen as an intermediary between people and gods Worshipped spirits of their male ancestors Sacrifice was often conducted to determine the will of the gods

Innovation in Shang Writing (pictograms) Metalworking Hundreds of symbols represent the sounds of syllables Still in use today Oracle Bones http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chinese.htm#characters Metalworking Bronze was a sign of wealth Artisans made weapons, chariot fittings, musical instruments, ritual vessels Horse-drawn chariot Use of draft animals (Water Buffalo)

Exploring Divination Read: Divination in Ancient Societies (p.42-43) Can you think of any modern day examples of divination? Can you make connections to your own experiences?

Zhou Period, 1027 – 221 BCE Defeat of the last Shang King leads to the development of the Zhou Longest lasting line of dynasties in Chinese history

Zhou Politics and Religion Developed the “Mandate of Heaven” Performance based rule Explanation for rebellion, civil war, natural disasters Chief Deity Heaven Monarch Son of Heaven Rule of the Monarch Mandate of Heaven Begins the “Dynastic Cycle”

Western and Eastern Zhou Periods Western Zhou Era (11th to 9th Centuries BCE) Zhou build capital cities in Western part of kingdom Similar rule to Shang period All government officials served as models for morality, fairness, and concern for the welfare of the people Kings exercised direct control over core territory, indirect control over outlying areas (decentralized)

Western and Eastern Zhou Periods Eastern Zhou Era (800 BCE) Spring and Autumn Period (771 – 481 BCE) Local rulers began to wage war on one another Decline in the strength of central government Independent states emerged Warring States Period (480 – 221 BCE) War between regional rulers for territory Walls emerge to protect cities

Zhou Innovation Long defense walls Iron and steel metallurgy Ancestors of the Great Wall Iron and steel metallurgy Written Codes of Law Gov. Collects Taxes Standardized $$$ Public Works Projects Horse back riding

Eastern Zhou Philosophy Legalism “human nature is wicked and that people behave in an orderly fashion only if compelled by strict laws and harsh punishments”

Eastern Zhou Philosophy Confucianism “Government exists to serve the people, and the ruler gains respect and authority by displaying fairness and integrity” Emphasize: benevolence, avoidance of violence, justice, rationalism, loyalty, and dignity Concern for moral foundations of government

Eastern Zhou Philosophy Daoism The Universe is in constant flux, there are no absolute moral standards Attempts to stop warfare by urging followers to follow the “path” Avoidance of violence, minimal action

Zhou Social Order Development of 3-generation family Development of the concept of private property Yin and Yang justifies subordinate position of women Male (Yang): sun, active, bright Female (Yin): moon, passive, shaded, reflective

Primary Source The Analects: The Confucian School P.32-33 in World Civilizations Source Book

Ch. 2 Assessment and Review Using the Standard World History book, complete the Ch. 2 Assessment on p. 56, Main Idea Questions (# 9-17 Only). When finished, study for Quiz tomorrow!

Nubia 3100 BCE – 350 CE Only continuously inhabited territory connecting Sub-Saharan Africa to North Africa

Nubia Rich natural resources Gold, copper, semi-precious stones Boats and caravans operated together to provide trade between Cataracts

Egyptian Domination of Nubia Egypt exploits the mines of Nubia in search of gold resources For 500 years, Egypt dominates Nubia both politically, socially, and religiously Egyptian language Served in Egyptian armed forces Modeled towns Erected temples Worshipped Egyptian gods

Egypt under Nubian Control Decline in Egypt leads to Nubian control Kingdom of Meroe (800 BCE – 350 CE) Center shifts south to enhance trade Nubia rules all of Egypt as the 25th Dynasty 712 BCE - 660 BCE Matrilineal King succeeded by the son of his sister Decline in Meroe due to war with nomads, shift in trade

Olmec 1200BCE- 400BCE Civilization depended on rich plant diversity and fishing Domestication of corn, beans, squash, manioc