Unit 2: Memory (Cognition) WHS AP Psychology Unit 2: Memory (Cognition) Essential Task 2-4:Describe specific retrieval problems (anterograde and retrograde amnesia, decay theory, proactive and retroactive interference) and memory construction errors (misinformation effect, eyewitness testimonies, and source amnesia) Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

Essential Task 2-4: Retrieval problems Memory construction errors Outline Retrieval problems Anterograde amnesia Retrograde amnesia Decay theory Proactive and retroactive interference Memory construction errors misinformation effect eyewitness testimonies source amnesia

Information Processing Model Attention All the rest External Stimuli Sensory Registers gone Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Retrieval 1. Encoding 3. Retrieval 2. Storage Information Processing Model

Retrieval Problems

Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia – you can recall the past but cannot form new memories However H.M. and Jimmie could recall things they’ve learned through automatic processing. Most common for a short period with concussions Retrograde Amnesia is when you can’t recall past memories stored in LTM

Decay Theory The decay theory argues that the passage of time causes forgetting. The longer information is not accessed, increases the chances of forgetting it. Outline

Interference Retroactive interference Occurs when you are being tested on old information (hint retro means old) and new information interferes proper retrieval. I know this seems reversed. To get this correct you must first ask yourself. . . “What is being tested?” If the answer is old information the term you use is RETROactive Interference Outline

Try remembering the following number 8132163 Ok that was easy because nothing interfered with you. Outline

Now let’s try some interference 4982631 First, consistent with cognitive dissonance theories, we are able to induce optimism or pessimism with the initial (random) wage assignment. With respect to the first-stage task, this implies that we can successfully manipulate one’s ability-beliefs in the lab. Secondly, subjects who received this low piece-rate in stage one were willing to accept significantly lower offers in a second-stage ultimatum game. This finding is striking, demonstrating the presence of both belief manipulation and spillovers of those beliefs into behavioral outcomes in an unrelated and distinct experimental environment. Outline

Try remembering the following number 5614982 Outline

Retro-active Interference The last two were examples of retro-active interference In each one, it was the OLD (retro) information that was being tested. The last trial was the hardest because it overloaded your modality. What type of music should you listen to when you write an essay? Outline

Retroactive Interference Sleep helps prevent retroactive interference. Therefore, it leads to better recall. Outline

Proactive interference Occurs when you are being tested on NEW information (Latin route for pro meaning in front of as in proceed ) and old information interferes proper retrieval. I know this seems reversed. To get this correct you must first ask yourself. . . “What is being tested?” If the answer is NEW information the term you use is PROactive Interference Psychologists have found that recall of later items can be improved by making them distinctive from early items. For example, people being fed groups of numbers to remember did much better when they were suddenly fed a group of words instead. This is called release from proactive interference Outline

Which is which? You are trying to type in your new password, but instead you accidently type in the old password. You are writing an essay about WWI on your final exam but all you can remember is information about WWII.

I need a volunteer that knows their colors. Don’t read the words, just say the colors they’re printed in and as fast as you can This is called the stroop effect Outline

Red Yellow Green Blue

Interference When you look at the words you see both its color and meaning. When they are in conflict you must make a choice Experience has taught you that word meaning is more important than color so you retrieve that information. You are not always in complete control of what you pay attention to. Outline

Childhood Amnesia Generally poor memory for events prior to age 2-3 May occur because brain is not fully developed at birth Hippocampus not fully formed until age 2 May be due to a lack of a clear sense-of-self in young children May be the absence of language

Memory Construction

Memory is a construct! When we remember something, we're taking bits and pieces of experience - sometimes from different times and places - and bringing it all together to construct what might feel like a recollection but is actually a construction. The process of calling it into conscious awareness can change it, and now you're storing something that's different. We all do this, for example, by inadvertently adopting a story we've heard.” E Loftus

Eyewitness testimony Shown to be unreliable People’s recall for events may be influenced by what they heard or constructed after the incident Memory is reconstructed Memories are not stored like snapshots, but are instead like sketches that are altered and added to every time they are called up

Eyewitness testimony cont’d Elizabeth Loftus has shown subjects who are given false information about an event or scene tend to incorporate it into their memories, and "recall" the false information as a part of their original memory even two weeks later. Loftus gives the example of the sniper attacks in the fall of 2002. "Everybody was looking for a white van even though the bad guys ended up having a dark Chevy Caprice." That's because some people reported seeing a white van at the scene of the crime. "Witnesses overhear each other," says Loftus, and police may also unintentionally influence people's memories when they talk about a crime. 1956 Air Show Disaster in England 1-10 Fighter Jet Broke apart in Mid-Air killing 12. Witnessed by 100,000 avid fans watching the event. They had the wreckage and photos and asked the people to write in. Got a few 1000 people to respond. Fewer than 6 gave info that was consistent with the evidence they had We can plant false memories (Elizabeth Loftus) Did an experiment with on of her graduate student’s 14 yr old younger brother. Said here are four stories from your past (only three actually happened – one of them, being lost in the mall – was planted) Over the next two weeks whenever you remember something about one of these, write it down. Chris rate each of the 4 for clarity, he gave the false on 8 of 11. He picked a real memory as being fake.

Misinformation Effect Critics protested that Loftus still hadn't proved the memories were fake. So she raised the ante. She persuaded 16 percent of a study population that they had met Bugs Bunny at Disneyland. In a follow-up experiment, researchers sold the same memory to 36 percent of subjects.   This was impossible, since Bugs belonged to Warner Bros., not Disney. When critics complained that the Bugs memory wasn't abusive, Loftus obliged them again. Her team convinced 30 percent of another group of subjects that on a visit to Disneyland, a drug-addled Pluto character had licked their ears. http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_memory_doctor/2010/06/the_memory_doctor.html

Eyewitness testimony Study after study has shown that there is no correlation between the subjective feeling of certainty one has about a memory, and the memory’s accuracy

Source Amnesia When we attribute a memory to the wrong source. Thinking that something happened to you instead of reading it in a story. Thinking that something you imagined really happened. déjà vu – When your temporal lobe identifies familiarity but our hippocampus and frontal lobe can’t come up with specific source.

Autobiographical memory Recollection of events in our life More recent events are easier to recall Hyperthymesia is the condition of possessing an extremely detailed autobiographical memory. Hyperthymesiacs remember an abnormally vast number of their life experiences.

Eidetic Memory Pop culture calls this a photographic memory Usually due to well developed memory techniques

Flashbulb Memories Flashbulb memories Vivid memories of dramatic event May occur because of strong emotional content

Recovered memories Involved the recall of long-forgotten dramatic event May be the result of suggestion Some evidence that memories can be repressed and recalled later