Examples of Word Origin Лексикология 2015. Лекция 5. Этимология Examples of Word Origin Guru Entrepreneur Buffet Rector Tycoon Propaganda Genius Hindi French Latin Japanese Italian 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Etymology of the English Word-stock Etymology (Gr. etymon “truth” + Gr. logos “learning”) is a branch of linguistics that studies the origin and history of words tracing them to their earliest determinable source. 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

The Origins of English Words Native Borrowed 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Definitions A native word is a word which belongs to the original English word stock, as known from the earliest available manuscripts of the Old English period. A borrowed word (a borrowing, or a loan word) is a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language. 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Words of Native Origin Words of the Indo-European origin (IE) Words of common Germanic origin English words proper 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Words of the Indo-European origin Family relations: father, mother, brother, son, daughter Parts of the human body: foot, nose, lip, heart, tooth Animals and plants: cow, swine, goose, tree, birch, corn The most important objects and phenomena of nature: sun, moon, star, wind, water, wood, hill, stone Adjectives: hard, quick, slow, red, white, new Numerals from 1 to 100: one, two, twenty, eighty Pronouns – personal, except they (Sc.): I, you, he; demonstrative : that; interrogative: who Some of the most frequent verbs: bear, do, be, sit, stand 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Words of common Germanic origin Nouns denoting parts of the human body: head, arm, finger Periods of time: summer, winter, time, week Natural phenomena: storm, rain, flood, ice, ground, sea, earth Artefacts and materials: bridge, house, shop, room, coal, iron, lead, cloth Animals, plants and birds: sheep, horse, fox, crow, oak, grass Adjectives denoting colours, size and other properties: broad, dead, deaf, deep, grey, blue Verbs: see, hear, speak, tell, say, make, give 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, always English words proper Bird, boy, girl, lord, lady, woman, always 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Borrowings can be classified according to different criteria: a) according to the aspect which is borrowed; b) according to the degree of assimilation; c) according to the language from which the word was borrowed 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Classification of Borrowings According to the Borrowed Aspect There are the following groups: phonetic borrowings, translation loans, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowings. 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Phonetic borrowings (loan words proper) Words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning. They undergo assimilation, each sound in the borrowed word is substituted by the corresponding sound of the borrowing language. In some cases the spelling is changed. The structure of the word can also be changed. labour, travel, table, chair, people 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Translation loans word-for-word translations of some foreign words to take the bull by the horns (Latin), fair sex (French), collective farm (Russian) 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Semantic borrowings such units when a new meaning of the unit existing in the language is borrowed e.g. semantic borrowings between Scandinavian and English to live for the word to dwell which in Old English had the meaning to wander 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Morphemic borrowings borrowings of affixes which occur in the language when many words with identical affixes are borrowed from one language into another, so that the morphemic structure of borrowed words becomes familiar to the people speaking the borrowing language goddess (native root + Romanic suffix -ess) uneatable (English prefix un- + English root + Romanic suffix -able). 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Classification of Borrowings According to the Degree of Assimilation The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors: a) the group of languages the word was borrowed ; b) the way the word is borrowed: orally or in the written form ; c) the frequency of its usage; d) how long the word lives in the language. 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Borrowings are subdivided into: completely assimilated, partly assimilated, non-assimilated (barbarisms). 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Completely assimilated borrowings Completely assimilated borrowings are not felt as foreign words in the language. Completely assimilated verbs belong to regular verbs: correct – corrected. Completely assimilated nouns form their plural by means of s-inflexion: piece – pieces. In completely assimilated French words the stress has been shifted from the last syllable to the first one: capital, service. 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Partly assimilated borrowings a) borrowings non-assimilated semantically, because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from the language of which they were borrowed: sari, sombrero (clothing) b) borrowings non-assimilated grammatically: some nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek retain their plural forms – bacillus-bacilli, 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Partly assimilated borrowings c) borrowings non-assimilated phonetically, e.g. police, cartoon; d) borrowings partly assimilated graphically, e.g. in Greek borrowings ph denotes the sound [f] (phoneme, morpheme), ch denotes the sound [k] (chaos, chemistry). 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Non-assimilated borrowings Non-assimilated borrowings (barbarisms) are borrowings which are used by Englishmen rather seldom and are non-assimilated, e.g. addio (Italian), têt-á- têt (French), duende (Spanish). 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Classification of Borrowings According to the Language from which they were Borrowed 10.04.2018 Лекция 8

Historical causes of borrowing The Roman invasion (1st c. B.C.), The Introduction of Christianity (7th c. A.D.), The Danish conquests (11th – 13th c. A.D.), The Norman conquest (1066 A.D.), The Renaissance period (14th – 16th c. A.D.), Direct linguistic contacts and political, economical and cultural relationship with other nations. 10.04.2018 Лекция 8