Classical India

India Before the Mauryan Dynasty 520 B.C.E., Persian emperor Darius conquers northwest India Introduces Persian ruling pattern 327 B.C.E., Alexander of Macedon destroys Persian empire in India Troops mutiny, depart after two years Political power vacuum

Chandragupta Maurya Took advantage of power vacuum left by Alexander Overthrew Magadha rulers Expanded kingdom to create first unified Indian empire Mauryan dynasty

Ashoka Maurya Grandson of Chandragupta Represents high point of Mauryan empire, r. 268-232 B.C.E. Expanded empire to include all of Indian subcontinent except for south Positive ruler-ship integrated Indian society Much better known as a ruler than conqueror Video Clip

Decline of the Mauryan Empire Economic crisis follows death of Ashoka High costs of bureaucracy, military not supported by tax revenue Frequent devaluations of currency to pay salaries Regions begin to abandon Mauryan empire Disappears by 185 B.C.E.

The Mauryan, Bactra, Kush, and Gupta Empires: 321 B.C.E. - 550 C.E.

Regional Kingdom: Bactria Northwestern India 182 B.C.E. – 1 C.E. Ruled by Greek-speaking descendants of Alexander’s campaigns Promoted cross-cultural interaction

Regional Kingdom: Bactria

Regional Kingdom: Kush Northern India/central Asia Ca. 1-300 C.E. Maintained silk road trade network making travel safer.

Regional Kingdom: Kush

The Gupta Dynasty Based in Magadha Founded by Chandra Gupta (no relation to Chandragupta Maurya), ca. 320 C.E. Slightly smaller than Mauryan empire

The Gupta Dynasty Based in Magadha Founded by Chandra Gupta (no relation to Chandragupta Maurya), ca. 320 C.E. Slightly smaller than Mauryan empire Highly decentralized leadership Foundations for studies in natural sciences and mathematics

Gupta Decline Frequent invasions of White Huns, fifth century C.E. Gupta dynasty disintegrates along regional fault lines Smaller local kingdoms dominate until Mughal empire founded in sixteenth century

Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin Massive road-building projects under Persian rule Alexander extends trade west to Macedon Seasonal sea trade expands Spring/winter winds blow from southwest, fall/winter winds blow from northwest Trade from Asia to Persian Gulf and Red Sea, Mediterranean

Society: Gender Relations Patriarchy entrenched Child marriage common (eight-year-old girls married to men in twenties)

Social Order Caste system from Aryan times Brahmins (priests) Kshatriyas (warriors, aristocrats) Vaishyas (peasants, merchants) Sudras (serfs)

Castes and Guilds Increasing economic diversification challenges simplistic caste system Jati formed: guilds that acted as subcastes Enforced social order “Out-castes” forced into low-status employment