Origins of the Cold War The Cold War 1945-1960 Chapter 16, Section One Pages 484-490

Bell Ringer What is a “cold war”? Why is the Cold War considered a “cold war” and not “hot”? What made it a war?

Satellite nation Countries that were subject to Soviet domination. They are located on the WESTERN border of the Soviet Union.

Iron curtain The term Winston Churchill (Prime Minister of Great Britain) used to describe the extension of Communist control over Eastern Europe.

Cold War The state of hostility, without actual warfare, that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII until the collapse of the Soviet Union (in 1991).

containment American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world.

Truman Doctrine In 1947 President Truman declared that the United States would support nations that were being threatened by communism.

Main Idea At the end of World War II, conflicting goals for Europe led to growing hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union.

1945 – A Critical Year The U.S. and Soviet Union cooperated during WWII but that was temporary. Soviets allied with the U.S. and Great Britain during the war Tensions continued to rise.

Differences at Yalta February 1945 Roosevelt met with Stalin and Churchill at Yalta to discuss the future of Germany and Poland.

Agreed to divide Germany into zones American British French formed West Germany Soviet zone formed East Germany

Roosevelt pressed Stalin to declare war on Japan Roosevelt and Churchill denied Stalin’s demand for $10 billion from Germany in damages Stalin refused the return to Poland’s prewar government

The United Nations Created at Yalta A new international peacekeeping organization. (League of Nations after WWI had failed) April 1945 – 50 nations met and vowed they would settle problems peacefully

Truman takes Command FDR died 4/12/45 Vice President Truman became President

The Potsdam Conference Truman’s first meeting with Stalin (July 1945) in Berlin Continued to debate the future of Germany and Poland Truman told Stalin that the U.S. had an atomic bomb.

Conflicting Postwar Goals The American View Fought for democracy and economic opportunity to conquered European nations This served American interests in the postwar world

The Soviet View Lost 20 million people during WWII and suffered widespread destruction Determined to rebuild to protect their interests Wanted to establish satellite nations(countries subject to Soviet domination) on the western borders of the Soviet Union. Friendly to Communist goals

Soviets Tighten Their Hold Albania and Bulgaria Anti-Communist leaders silenced in 1945 in Albania. Soviets took control of Bulgaria by 1948.

Czechoslovakia Tried to hold onto democratic system All non-Communist police officers replaced with party members Czechoslovakia was a Soviet satellite nation by 1948.

Hungary and Romania Soviets demanded control of the police Anti-Communist leaders arrested “Red Army” (Soviets) stayed in Romania

East Germany Stalin established control of all East German resources Installed a brutal totalitarian government 1949 – became known as the German Democratic Republic

Finland and Yugoslavia Finland signed a treaty of cooperation with Soviets in 1948. Communists gained control in Yugoslavia in 1945 “Tito” (Josip Broz) – fierce dictator Tito refused to take orders from Stalin

The Iron Curtain February 1946 – Stalin predicted the triumph of communism over capitalism Established Cominform, a Soviet agency to direct the activities of worldwide Communist parties

Churchill responded to Stalin with his “Iron Curtain Speech” 3/5/1946 Called on Americans to help keep Stalin from closing the iron curtain of Communist domination and oppression.

Tone was set for the Cold War Competition that developed between the U.S. and the Soviet Union for power and influence in the world. Lasted for almost 50 years until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991

A “cold war” was characterized by political and economic conflict and military tensions A “hot” war would have meant direct military engagement.

Containment George Kennan (top American diplomat in Moscow) stated that Soviet policies show “no real faith in the possibility of a permanently happy coexistence of the Socialist and capitalist worlds.” The triumph of communism was inevitable

Policy of containment called for the United States to resist Soviet attempts to form Communist governments in other parts of the world Policy was controversial by became the cornerstone of America’s cold war foreign policy.

The Truman Doctrine State department officials developed a plan to provide American aid to Greece and Turkey after the British could no longer help keep Soviets out March 1947, Truman called on the U.S. to take a leadership role in a statement of principles known as the Truman Doctrine. Congress approved $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey U.S. established military bases in both countries

Questions for consideration 1. How did American and Soviet goals for postwar Europe differ? 2. How does the map on p. 487 illustrate the policy pursued by the Soviet Union to protect itself from its non-Communist rivals in Europe?   3. What effect did the Cold War have on United States foreign policy?