Forest in South Europe: Iberian Peninsula have a various vegetation, but there dominates a mediterranean forest with ever green trees and steppe grass. In Spain we can see a lot of endemits, this is very interesting area because except rare plants there are traditional oaks and pines. The coast of Black Sea it's inthe steps zone too, but sometimes they pass in desert.

Very rare and beautiful plant is Dragon Tree (L. Dracaene Draco ) Very rare and beautiful plant is Dragon Tree (L. Dracaene Draco ). Her growth is slow. For a ten years the Dragon Tree growth up only one meter.

Forests in SouthEurope are splendid but are in danger because of nature and people. We have no influence for drought but we can help if we take care of order in forest.

Fire Protection: When we're in forest, we mustn't smoke!! We should try don't makes grill. Conflagration because of grills and cigarettes is 70% of all fires in the Europe.

FORESTS IN POLAND

Polish forests are at the forefront of Europe's when it comes to surface. The forests grow to almost 30% of the country's land area and occupy an area of 9.3 million hectares. Forests in Poland are on the ground about the weakest soil. In Polish forests structure prevail coniferous forests with predominance Pinus sylvestris.

Boron habitats occur on 51% of Polish forest area, and forests on 49% Boron habitats occur on 51% of Polish forest area, and forests on 49%. The wealth of Polish species diversity of forests is at the forefront of Europe. Poland is a country richly wooded.

Reasons of forest fires in Poland: ›By careless of adults ›By careless of youth people › Machines and devices › Atmospheric discharge ›Arson About 85% of the forest area is endangered by fire!

Taiga The taiga is the world's largest biome apart from the oceans. In North America it covers most of inland Canada and Alaska as well as parts of the extreme northern continental United States, where it is known as the Northwoods or "North woods". In Eurasia, it covers most of Sweden, Finland, much of Norway, some of the Scottish Highlands, some lowland/coastal areas of Iceland, much of Russia from Karelia in the west to the Pacific Ocean, and areas of northern Kazakhstan, northern Mongolia, and northern Japan. However, the main tree species, the length of the growing season and summer temperatures vary. For example, the taiga of North America mostly consists of spruces; Scandinavian and Finnish taiga consists of a mix of spruce, pines and birch; Russian taiga has spruces, pines and larches depending on the region, while the Eastern Siberian taiga is a vast larch forest. A different use of the term taiga is often encountered in the English language, with "boreal forest" used in the United States and Canada to refer to only the more southerly part of the biome, while "taiga" is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome.

Climate and geography   Extreme winter minimums in the northern taiga are typically lower than those of the tundra. The lowest reliably recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere were recorded in the taiga of northeastern Russia. The taiga or boreal forest has a subarctic climate with very large temperature range between seasons, but the long and cold winter is the dominant feature. In Siberian taiga the average temperature of the coldest month is between −6 °C and −50 °C. The winters, with average temperatures below freezing, last five to seven months. Temperatures vary from −54 °C to 30 °C throughout the whole year. The summers, while short, are generally warm and humid. In much of the taiga, -20 °C would be a typical winter day temperature and 18 °C an average summer day. The growing season, when the vegetation in the taiga comes alive, is usually slightly longer than the climatic definition of summer as the plants of the boreal biome have a lower threshold to trigger growth.

Fire Fire has been one of the most important factors shaping the composition and development of boreal forest stands it is the dominant stand-renewing disturbance through much of the Canadian boreal forest. The fire history that characterizes an ecosystem is its fire regime, which has 3 elements: (1) fire type and intensity 2) size of typical fires of significance, and (3) frequency or return intervals for specific land units. The average time within a fire regime to burn an area equivalent to the total area of an ecosystem is its fire rotation or fire cycle. The dominant fire regime in the boreal forest is high-intensity crown fires or severe surface fires of very large size, often more than 10,000 ha, and sometimes more than 400,000 ha. Such fires kill entire stands. Fire rotations in the drier regions of western Canada and Alaska average 50–100 years, shorter than in the moister climates of eastern Canada, where they may average 200 years or more. Fire cycles also tend to be long near the tree line in the subarctic spruce-lichen woodlands. The longest cycles, possibly 300 years, probably occur in the western boreal in floodplain white spruce.

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Autors: -Anna Siadkowska -Marcelina Szołdra -Wiktoria Klimkowska ZSP nr.5 „Elektryk” kl.I fL