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Section 2: People and Their Environment Introduction Section 1: The Economy Section 2: People and Their Environment Visual Summary Chapter Menu

Australia and New Zealand are among the world’s leaders in exports of agricultural products. The region’s many unique environments and animal and plant species draw visitors from around the world, leading to the growth of tourism. Even though physical barriers and long distances can be obstacles for the people who live in and visit Australia and Oceania, improved transportation and communications have helped make the region more interdependent. Chapter Intro 1

Section 1: The Economy The physical environment affects people and their activities. In Australia and Oceania, differences in physical environments affect the economic activities of the region—from the flat, dry landscapes of central Australia to the pastures of New Zealand or the tropical rain forests of the Pacific Islands. Chapter Intro 2

Section 2: People and Their Environment Human actions modify the physical environment. Australia and Oceania contain some of Earth’s most diverse natural resources and wildlife, but human activities threaten the environment. Chapter Intro 3

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The Economy In Australia and Oceania, differences in physical environments affect the economic activities of the region—from the flat, dry landscapes of central Australia to the pastures of New Zealand or the tropical rain forests of the Pacific Islands. Section 1-GTR

The Economy station grazier copra devoted involved Section 1-GTR

The Economy A. Fiji B. Papua New Guinea C. Nauru Section 1-GTR

The Economy Most of Australia is used for which type of economic activity? A. Commercial farming B. Livestock raising C. Hunting and gathering D. Commercial fishing A B C D Section 1

Economic Activities Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Australia and Oceania, but new industries are contributing to national economies. Australia is the world’s leading producer of wool. Less than 5% of Australians work in agriculture, but most of land is devoted to livestock. More than half of New Zealand’s land is used for agriculture. Section 1

Economic Activities (cont.) Most of Oceania’s land is not arable, but some crops, such as copra, are produced. Australia is the leading exporter of: Diamonds Gold Bauxite Opals Iron ore Section 1

Economic Activities (cont.) New Zealand has a large aluminum smelting industry. Food processing is the most important manufacturing activity in Australia and New Zealand, but most products are used within the country. Australia and New Zealand: Economic Activities Section 1

How much of Australia’s land is arable? A. Less than 5% B. Less than 10% C. Less than 15% D. Less than 20% A B C D Section 1

Transportation and Communications The physical environment creates obstacles to transportation and communications in Australia and Oceania, but new technologies are helping to conquer these obstacles. Australia and New Zealand have the most developed road and rail systems in the region. The following are helping communications within Australia and Oceania and with the rest of the world: Cellular, digital, Internet and satellite communications Section 1

C. Obstacles to land travel D. All of the above A B C D Why is transportation and communications difficult within the South Pacific region? A. Long distances B. Harsh climates C. Obstacles to land travel D. All of the above A B C D Section 1

Trade and Interdependence Trade between Australia, Oceania, and other parts of the world has increased due to improvements in transportation and communications, as well as to the creation of trade agreements. The region’s agricultural and mining products are its greatest sources of export income. Australia’s Trading Partners Section 1

South Pacific countries have in recent years increased trade with which other countries? A. Japan and China B. United States C. Great Britain D. Sweden and Norway A B C D Section 1

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People and Their Environment Australia and Oceania contain some of Earth’s most diverse natural resources and unique wildlife, but human activities threaten the environment. Section 2-GTR

People and Their Environment marsupial El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) diatom introduced species food web ozone layer restore poses Section 2-GTR

People and Their Environment A. Tasmania B. Murray-Darling River Basin C. Great Barrier Reef Section 2-GTR

People and Their Environment What in particular is endangering the Great Barrier Reef? A. Inadequate sanitation B. Toxic waste C. Agricultural runoff A B C Section 2

Human Impact on Resources Australia and Oceania have many natural resources, but the region’s environment is threatened by human activities. Unique animals in Australia and New Zealand: Kangaroos Koalas Wallabies Section 2

Human Impact on Resources (cont.) Tasmanian devil Duck-billed platypus Echidna Sea birds and penguins (New Zealand) The introduction of nonnative species has threatened the native animals in both countries. Efforts are being made to restore the ecological balance. Section 2

Human Impact on Resources (cont.) The protection of forest, soil, and freshwater resources is a major concern throughout the South Pacific region. Threats to the Great Barrier Reef: Tourists Boaters Divers Oil shale mining Levels of Coral Bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef Section 2

Human Impact on Resources (cont.) Increasing water temperature Water pollution In the late 1940s and 1950s, the U.S. and other countries carried out aboveground testing of nuclear weapons in the South Pacific. These tests had a major effect on the people and the environment. Section 2

A. Increasing soil salinity B. Coral bleaching One of Australia’s most pressing environmental problems today is which of the following? A. Increasing soil salinity B. Coral bleaching C. Extinction of animals D. Deforestation A B C D Section 2

Challenges for the Future Environmental concerns related to atmosphere and climate changes threaten Australia and Oceania, as well as other world regions. The increasing hole in the ozone above Antarctica may contribute to: Increasing rates of skin cancer and cataracts Section 2

Challenges for the Future (cont.) Global warming Increasing ENSO-related weather patterns The Ozone Hole Section 2

How many square miles was the ozone hole in 2006? A. 9 million B. 9.5 million C. 10 million D. 10.6 million A B C D Section 2

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• Most people in Australia and New Zealand work in service industries. Island Economies • Australia and New Zealand export large quantities of agricultural products. • South Pacific island farmers practice subsistence farming and raise pigs and chickens. • Most people in Australia and New Zealand work in service industries. • Tourism in the region is growing and its attractions include indigenous cultures, unique wildlife, and interesting geographic features. VS 1

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station Australian term for an outlying ranch or large farm Vocab1

grazier person who raises sheep or cattle Vocab2

copra dried coconut meat Vocab3

marsupial mammal whose offspring mature in a pouch on the mother’s abdomen Vocab4

introduced species plants and animals placed in areas other than their native habitat Vocab5

food web the interlinking chains of predators and their food sources in an ecosystem Vocab6

ozone layer atmospheric layer with protective gases that prevents solar rays from reaching the Earth’s surface Vocab7

El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) a seasonal weather event that can cause droughts in Australia and powerful cyclones in the South Pacific Vocab8

diatom plankton that flourish in cold ocean waters Vocab9

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