Commensalism & Mutualism BIOL/BOT 160 – Ecology

Commensalism http://www.bigsurcalifornia.org/images2/graywhl.jpg One species gains a benefit from another but does not harm the other. Very hard to prove! http://www.scubaduba.com/gallery/shark2.jpg

Urechis caupo (Fat Inkeeper) http://www.elkhornslough.org/critters/fatworm.htm Commensal species Permanent Pea crab (Scleroplax granulata) Scale worm (Hesperonoe adventor) Clam (Cryptomya sp.) Temporary Goby (Clevelandia ios) http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/goefre12/symbiosis/commensals.htm http://www.amonline.net.au/collections/marineinverts/record.cfm?id=128 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Pinnotheres_pisum.jpg

Mutualism Both species benefit Mycorrhizae http://www.avtreefarm.com/bacterium/pic/treated.jpg http://www.avtreefarm.com/bacterium/mycorrhizae.htm From Smith and Smith: Ecology & Field Biology

Mutualism Ants and Acacia http://web.viu.ca/belize/images/invert%20images/small_acacia_ants.JPG http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/news/65F37EE1-AB0A-E264-F43583CD3E8E381C_1.jpg http://nwiassoc.com/resources/SCHALB_YARD_DSC_7758+web.jpg

Mutualism Protection Food What benefit does the plant get? What benefits to the ants get? http://www.morning-earth.org/Graphic-E/INTERLIVE/Images-Interliving/inter_ant-nectary.jpg

Why would corals need a symbiont? Mutualism http://www.ri.net/schools/West_Warwick/manateeproject/ocean/images/zooplankton1.jpg Coral Reefs http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/california/deserts Why would corals need a symbiont? = Only 10% of their diet!

Mutualism Zooxanthellae Coral Reefs http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/01-zooxanthellae.jpg http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/classif/images/newpoyps.jpg Zooxanthellae

Mutualism Zooxanthellae Coral Reefs One of the reasons why corals need shallow water http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/01-zooxanthellae.jpg http://hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/classif/images/newpoyps.jpg Zooxanthellae

Mutualism Coral Reefs Allows a rich and diverse ecosystem http://www.edugraphics.net/ga7-wildlife/images/coral_reef_widlife_poster2.jpg Mutualism Coral Reefs Allows a rich and diverse ecosystem

Mutualism Flowers and bees http://www.hickerphoto.com/data/media/185/wild-flowers_12981.jpg

Mutualism Allows increased fitness for both symbionts Drives co-evolution

Not always beneficial Nutrient poor soils Nutrient rich soils http://www.avtreefarm.com/bacterium/pic/treated.jpg http://www.avtreefarm.com/bacterium/pic/treated.jpg Mycorrhizae Mycorrhizae

Mutualism types Lichens Ant Acacia Obligate symbiotic Physically intertwined and can’t exist independently Obligate non-symbiotic Are not physically intertwined but need each other to survive. http://web.viu.ca/belize/images/invert%20images/small_acacia_ants.JPG http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Lichens/Foliose_lichen_130_d.gif

Mutualism types Rye grass Acremonium Non Obligate http://fcn.agronomy.psu.edu/FCNpics/annualRyegrass.jpg Acremonium http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/gallery/hyaline_moulds/acremonium01.gif http://www.teepeeheart.onlinehome.de/cattle.jpg http://www.skrewtips.com/img/sick_cow.jpg

Might parasites evolve to commensalism and then mutualism? http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/parasit06/paralab/labs/6_41.gif Tapeworm http://incogman.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/brown-rat1.jpg

Might parasites evolve to commensalism and then mutualism? http://lifespotlight.com/images/2008/08/digestive-tract.gif http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/everyday/agriculture/images/e_coli.jpg E. coli