States of Consciousness Controlled Process Automatic Process Daydreaming Unconscious Sleep Altered States

Conscious Preconscious/ subconscious Unconscious

Why do we daydream? Help us prepare for future events. Nourish our social development. Can substitute for impulsive behavior.

Biological Rhythms Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears hibernation, seasonal affective disorder) 28 day cycles: menstrual cycle. 24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm 90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.

Circadian Rhythm Our 24 hour biological clock. Our body temperature and awareness changes throughout the day. It is best to take a test or study during your circadian peaks. How can the circadian rhythm help explain jet lag?

Sleep

Sleep Stages 5 identified stages of sleep; 1-4 are NREM, 5 REM. 90-100 minutes to pass through the 5 stages. Brain waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in.

Sleep stages & brain waves

90 min cycle: 1,2,3,4,3,2,REM

Stage 2 Stage 1 lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep. Easily awoken consists mostly of theta waves, brief periods of alpha waves Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling "baseline" of sleep Theta waves & sleep spindles occupies approximately 45-60% of sleep Heart rate, breathing, muscle tension, and temperature are declining

Stages Three & Four Delta waves, "slow wave" sleep and may last 15-30 minutes. brain activity slows down dramatically and the height (amplitude) of the waves increases dramatically. "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative. Production of growth hormones.

Stage Five: REM SLEEP REM: Rapid Eye Movement very active stage of sleep. Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep. Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity quicken. Vivid Dreams can occur. Body is essentially paralyzed during REM REM Sleep Behavior Disorder From REM, you go back to Stage 2

REM Rebound The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. You will dream a lot.

How much sleep do we need? We all need different amounts of sleep depending on our age and genetics. But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on average How do you feel when you don’t get enough sleep?

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. Most common sleep disorder- more common in women Causes Environmental stresses Biological predisposal- hyperarousal model Treatment: Sedatives (tolerance, dependency, dangerous with other drugs)

Narcolepsy Characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually during times of stress or joy). Genetic condition treated with stimulants .001 % of population.

Sleep Apnea temporary cessations of breathing during sleep (minimum of 10 sec.) Accompanied by loud snoring Causes: Genetic & Lifestyle Treatment: Lifestyle changes like weight loss, oral devices to improve air flow

Night Terrors high arousal and an appearance of being terrified Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered Usually a temporary problem that does not require treatment

Sleepwalking (Somnambulism) 15% children & 3% adults experience sleepwalking. occurs during deep non- REM sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night. Causes: unknown but seems to have genetic predisposition

Dreams A sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind.

Freud’s Theory of Dreams Dreams are a roadway into our unconscious. Manifest Content (storyline) Latent Content (underlying meaning) Wishfulfillments Sex & Aggression Male v. Female sex symbols

Information-Processing Theory- Cartwright (Extension of Waking Life) Dreams are a way to deal with the stresses of everyday life. We tend to dream more when we are stressed. Cognitive theory

Activation-Synthesis Theory- Hobson & McCarly Our Cerebral Cortex is trying to interpret random electrical activity we have while sleeping. That is why dreams sometimes make no sense. Biological Theory.

What are Dreams? Ted Talk Russell Foster: Why do we sleep? NOVA Documentary What are Dreams? Ted Talk Russell Foster: Why do we sleep?