Unit V- States of Consciousness Sleeping Dreams

Consciousness _____________- our awareness of the _________ world and of ourselves, including our own mental processes, _________, feelings, and perceptions. ________ show ______ and _______ waves

How is Consciousness Related to Other Mental Processes? Consciousness can take many forms, while other mental processes occur simultaneously outside our awareness

What Consciousness Does for Us Restricts our _________ Attention is the state of focused __________ Combines sensation with ________ and memory Allows us to create a mental model of the world that we can __________

Levels of Consciousness Present Awareness Conscious Just below awareness Subconscious No Conscious Processing Preconscious Nonconscious Nonconscious Past awareness No awareness Unconscious

Preconscious ____________- level of consciousness that is _________ of awareness but contains feelings and ________ that can easily be brought to ___________ awareness. What did you have for dinner last night?

Unconscious _________- the level of consciousness that includes often ________ feelings, wishes, and thoughts not directly __________ to conscious awareness. Well-learned tasks become __________: Driving Typing When you meet people you _____________ react to their gender, age, and appearance

Nonconscious _____________- the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely _____________ to conscious awareness. _____________: blood flow, filtering of the blood by kidneys, secretions of hormones Lower level processing of __________: detecting edges, estimating size and distance of objects, recognizing _________

Dual Processing ________ processing refers to the _________ information on conscious and _________ levels at the same _______.

What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? Consciousness changes in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and the patterns of stimulation in our environment

Circadian Rhythms __________________- daily patterns of change Psychological patterns that repeat every __________ Repeat every ______ hours in a place without normal night-day Influence: ___________ cycle Hormone release Body ______________ Other important body functions ___________ is the disruption and re-shifting of your circadian rhythms

Circadian Rhythms

Circadian Rhythms __________________- Controls _______________ clock Regulating changes in blood pressure, body temp, pulse, blood sugar levels, hormonal levels, activity levels, sleep, and wakefulness over 24 hours Contains the _______________ nucleus SCN’s activity causes the brain’s pineal gland to _________ production of the sleep inducing hormone melatonin in the morning and ________ it at night.

Circadian Rhythms ________________ (reticular activating system)- Neural network in _____________ (medulla and pons) and midbrain essential to the ____________ of sleep, wakefulness, _____________, and attention.

States of Consciousness Include: Normal waking (consciousness) __________ Sleep ____________ Meditation __________ states

What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? __________- state with focus on inner, private realities, which can generate _________ ideas. Urge to daydream peaks about every _____ minutes Urge highest between ______ and 2:00 pm Almost _______ of your waking hours May provide _______ relief

What Cycles Occur in Everyday Consciousness? _______- is a complex ____________ of states of consciousness, each with its own level of consciousness, ____________, responsiveness, and physiological _______. The sleep cycle involves: ___________ (NREM) sleep Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 ______ sleep

Sleep Stages ___________ sleep: About every _____ minutes, we pass trough a cycle of _______ distinct sleep stages.

Beta Waves – It’s BETA to be awake! Awake and Alert During strong _______ engagement, the brain exhibits _________ and fast, irregular ______ waves (15-30 cps). An awake person involved in a conversation shows ______ activity. Beta Waves – It’s BETA to be awake!

Twilight- Awake but Relaxed When an individual closes his eyes but remains _______, his brain activity ______ down to a large amplitude and slow, regular _____ waves (9-14 cps). A _______ person exhibits an _____brain activity.

Stage 1 Sleep _____ light sleep- brain enters a _____ amplitude, slow, regular wave from called _____ waves (5-8 cps). Gradual loss of __________ to outside Drifting thoughts and images The ____________ state Sense of falling most common A person who is ____________ shows _______ activity. Theta Waves

Stage 2 Sleep Accounts for about ___ of sleep time Lasts about ____ minutes Clearly asleep, but _____ to awaken EEG shows high-frequency ____________ and K- complexes K-complex that occurs during stage 2 of NREM sleep- Big spikes Theta Waves

Stage 3 Sleep _________ sleep stage ____________, low-frequency _______ waves (1.5-4 cps) Lasts only a _______ minutes

Stage 4 Sleep ________ sleep stage Very _______ to awaken High-amplitude, low-frequency ______ waves (1.5-4 cps) Stage 3 and 4 together last about ____ minutes Sleep ______ and/or _______ tends to occur at the end of this stage

REM Sleep _______ Eye Movement Sleep Sleep stage where eyes dart about About ______ dreaming 5 to 6 times each night (about _____ of sleep time) Also called _________ sleep because muscles are relaxed (_________) but other systems are active. EEGs show ______ waves (15-40 cps) much like awake- aroused state.

90-Minute Cycles During Sleep With each 90-minute cycle: Stage 4 sleep __________ Duration of REM sleep __________

Why Do We Sleep? We spend ________ of our lives sleeping. If an individual remains awake for several _____, they deteriorate in terms of _______ function, concentration, and ________.

Sleep Deprivation ________ and subsequent death Impaired concentration Emotion ___________ Depressed ________ system Greater __________

Accidents Frequency of accidents ________ with loss of sleep

REM Rebound When you are sleep deprived you lose out on ______ types of sleep, REM and _____ (non-REM). Typically when you have a chance to fall asleep after sleep deprivation you have a tendency to get more _______ sleep than you would normally get. This is your body's way of trying to _______ up on its REM sleep.

Sleep Theories Sleep _______: Sleeping in the _______ when predators loomed about kept our ancestors out of harm’s way. Sleep ________: Sleep helps restore and repair ______ tissue. Sleep Helps __________: Sleep restores and rebuilds our fading ________. Sleep and ________: During sleep, the pituitary gland releases _____ hormone. Older people release less of this hormone and sleep less.

Sleep Disorders _________ Difficulty falling asleep or ________ asleep Affects about ___ million Americans May be related to stress, ________, medication Can also be caused by noise, __________, or trying to sleep in a new environment

Sleep Disorders _________ and sleepwalking Night ________ Usually occurs during Stage ___ sleep More common in _______ Sleepwalking more common in _____ Night ________ Episodes of fright that occur during stages ______ of NREM sleep Person may sit up or ______, but likely will not _______ the episode in the morning

Sleep Disorders ______ REM _______ Disorder Sleep _________ Person stops breathing momentarily during sleep Affects about 10 to 12 million Americans REM _______ Disorder Body fails to _______ during REM sleep. “Sleepwalk With Me” Sleep _________ Body fails to undo the paralysis briefly upon walking.

Sleep Apnea Shaq Attacks Sleep Apnea

Sleep Disorders _____________ Narcoleptic dog video Suddenly falling asleep without ______ during waking hours Narcoleptics often experience loss of _________ tone as well May also drop into REM sleep immediately, causing _________ Likely caused by a_____ nervous system defect Narcoleptic dog video

Lucid Dreaming Lucid Dreaming ASAP video

Dream Findings ________ Emotional Content: 8 out of 10 dreams have negative emotional content. ________ Dreams: People commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected, or struck with misfortune. _________ Dreams: Contrary to our thinking, sexual dreams are sparse. Sexual dreams in men are 1 in 10; and in women 1 in 30. Dreams of __________: Women dream of men and women equally; men dream more about men than women.

Dreams mean very little Dream Theories Activation Synthesis Information Processing Cognitive Theory Psychodynamic Theory Dreams mean very little Dreams mean quite a bit.

Dreaming is weird- let’s understand this better!

Activation-Synthesis Theory- Hobson Dreams result from random __________ of brain cells responsible for eye movement, muscle movement, balance, and vision. The brain then _________ (combines) this activity with existing knowledge and memories as if the signals came from the environment. How we __________ the random images and sensations is the dream’s _________.

Information Processing- Cartwright Dreams help us _______ the days events and ______ our memories Help sift, sort, understand, and fix a day’s experience in our memories They may help us work out unsolved _________. We go to bed with a problem, and when we wake up the problem is solved (or forgotten, which may be a solution in itself) When we are under _____ or _______, we sleep longer, and the amount of time spent in REM _________. Suggests that we are working on the things that are worrying us while we dream.

Information-Processing Theory- Cartwright Evidence that dreams as reflections of current ________: Reflect ongoing conscious ______________ of waking life: Concerns over relationships, work, sex, or health More likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than ________ would predict: Students dream about _________ Instructors dream about forgetting lecture notes Males and females appear to dream about ________ issues now that lives and concerns of the two sexes have become similar: _______  children, clothes, household objects ______  weapons, violence, sex, achievement

Psychodynamic Theory- Freud ________________ Dreams provide a psychic safety _______ to discharge unacceptable feelings from the _____. The superego creates symbolic _________ to mask the unacceptable thoughts. _____ content- the remembered storyline of a dream _________ content- the underlying ________ of a dream

Dream Theories

Hypnosis __________- _______________- Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened __________ and deep ________ _______________- Degree to which an individual is responsive to hypnotic suggestion ____________ sway Imaginative Pastoral sway- the subject is asked to stand upright with eyes closed. When told “you are swaying back and forth”, most people will sway at least a little. More sway = more suggestibility

Hypnosis as an Altered State Experts ________ about whether hypnosis involves: A ________ state of consciousness Heightened _________ _________ processes such as role playing A ___________ state (Hilgard’s “hidden observer” view) Hidden observer- even when hypnotized there is a hidden part of the mind that stills knows what is going on. When using hypnosis for pain-relieving/anesthesia reveals that the hidden observer does feel pain. It is a response blocker not sensation blocking.

Practical Uses for Hypnosis Hypnosis can have ________ uses for: Researchers Psychological __________ ________ and dental treatment Hypnotic __________- Diminished _________ to pain while under hypnosis

Meditation ____________- set of techniques used to focus ___________ away from thoughts and feelings in order to create _________, tranquility, and inner peace.