Immigration and Urbanization Chapter 7 and 8

Immigration Immigrants come to the US through Ellis Island Statue of Liberty is the symbol of Freedom and optimism

Immigration Most settle in the cities- places to live and plenty of unskilled jobs Ethnic communities provided social support, allowed them to speak own language and keep same customs, charity) Housing- Landlords pack many families in small building 3-4 families would live in one single family home Families took in boarders for money Tenement housing – unsafe, unsanitary apartment occupied by poor families- cramped 1879 NYC passed laws that set minimum standards for plumbing and ventilation

The Industrial City Section Objectives Why did Immigrants move to the cities? How did cities deal with transportation, sanitation, and safety issues?

Industrial City Why did thousands move to the cities? Cities center of technological advancements People fascinated by technology Machines on farms = less workers needed for farms Immigration from Europe looking for jobs and new freedoms (religion, democracy, land) After Civil War many African Americans move North and West to escape racial violence of the South Port cities population exploded (Boston, New York, Baltimore Skyscrapers developed from better technologies and cheap steel prices allow more people to live in cities Elevated trains or subways for transportation Fire and police protection, schools, sewage disposal, street maintenance water supplies rarely kept pace with rapidly developing cities.

Poverty and the city High Crime rates- NYC First fulltime police force 1884 Poor need to live within walking distance of work Water- homes seldom had indoor plumbing- collect water in buckets from faucets in the street Sanitation - Horse manure piled up in streets, sewage flowed down streets, factories spewed smoke, not consistent garbage collections sat in streets Fire-people used candles and lanterns for light and heat Packed in buildings, no water supply Cincinnati first fire department

Visual Vocabulary Political Machine Graft Patronage Political Boss

The Gilded Age Objectives What was the role of the political machines? How did greed and fraud cost taxpayers millions of dollars?

The Gilded Age Climate of Dog-eat-Dog- Social Darwinism City power structure Political Machine- Organized group that controlled the political parties in a city- organized like a pyramid of power- top is the city boss (usually Mayor) City boss controlled jobs, businesses licenses, give money to government projects and parks all in order to extend their influence Usually former immigrants -Work way up the pyramid, helped immigrants in order to gain more support (votes) Some involved in Graft- illegal use of political influence for personal gain Patronage – giving of government jobs who help get elected

Segregation and Discrimination Objectives Trace origins of legalized segregation and the African American struggle against racism in the United States. Summarize turn of the 20th century race relations in the north and the South Identify discrimination against minorities in the American West Identify how old political structures re emerged and how racial discrimination was institutionalized

Segregation and Discrimination  Civil Rights Act 1875- African Americans were protected against discrimination in public places (businesses) 1883 Supreme Court ruled that Civil Rights act only effects public services, private businesses do not need to offer equal treatment. Jim Crow Laws Most communities prohibited interracial marriages, separate school systems, cemeteries, churches and hospitals Allowed to ride in separate cars on railroads Restriction on voting and holding office also enforced through intimidation Segregation existed out of custom and not in law with the threat of violence Poll taxes and literacy tests required for voting- everyone knew these measures were to limit African Americans from voting Grandfather clause- if grandfather voted= you could vote or Can still vote if a white official determined if the person understood a law after it was read to them

Racial Etiquette African Americans had to show deference to whites (Humiliating treatment) Those who did not follow etiquette could face severe punishment Lose job, lynched, shot, hanged Hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan Plessey V. Ferguson 1896 Homer Plessey (1/8 African American) denied a seat in a white railroad passenger car Railroad company agues separate facilities were as good as white facilities Supreme Court ruled separation did not violate 14th Amendment (legalized Separate but Equal)

Discrimination Everywhere Many African Americans move north for jobs discover discrimination and segregation was present in the north as well Discrimination in the west Hired Mexicans to work for low wages on railroad lines Chinese immigrants were segregated in schools and neighborhoods for job completion Began to severely limit the number of Chinese immigrating to the U.S.