The Plant Kingdom Chapter 1

Evolution of Plants 3.5 billion years ago = bacteria & blue/green algae. 1 billion years ago = green algae 600 million years ago = 02 could support life. 400 million years ago = land plants. 350 million years ago = seed plants.

Geographical Distribution Very few places void of the more than 500 thousand species of plants. Polar Zones Highest Mountains Deepest oceans Driest deserts *other than bacteria

Geographical Distribution Limiting factors which are: Climate- major factor affecting distribution and determine structural adaptations Water Temperature Xeromrphic (dry form) Close to ground (colder)

Roles of Plants Photosynthetic Process Autotrophs C02 and H20 Sunlight & Chlorophyll Glucose, O2, & H20 Energy Capture

Food (Edible Plants) What parts of a plant do we eat? Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Seeds (Cereal Grains) Fruits Tubers

Edible Plants Sugar Angiosperms Largest amount of plants we eat come from this classification. 88% of worlds calories and 80% of the proteins.

Industrial Uses Wood Fibers Oils Rubber Houses, furniture, turpentine Cotton, flax, hemp, Oils Soybean, coconut, cottonseed,.. Rubber

Medicinal Uses Health benefits Most pharmaceuticals Antibiotics

Other Uses Fossil Fuels Prehistoric Plants-captured solar energy Oil and Gas Buried Plant material that has undergone chemical changes

Animal –vs- Plant Kingdoms Mobile Need to feed themselves Lack a cell wall of cellulose (flaccid) Cellulose not synthesized Growth is limited Generally not mobile Contain chlorophyll to make own food Cell walls made of cellulose Cellulose synthesized by cells Growth is unlimited

Kingdom Plantae 500,000 kinds of plants exist. Many don’t fit well. Recent trends based on evolutionary origins & Relationship. Monera; the bacteria & blue green algae. Protista; all other algae & the protozoans. Mycota, fungi; such as mushrooms & molds Plantae; mosses, ferns, seed plants & several minor groups.

Taxonomy Theophrastus (370-285 B.C) started to record names. Used Common Names. Cause confusion

Plant Classification There must be a systematic method to evaluate the species of the planet consistently. There are many ways. Nomenclature is the system of assigning names.

Nomenclature Scientific communities use Latin,Greek, and Arabic to name Names are use to signify origins or characteristics For example: names for leaves are phylla, follia, phyllon, folius Prefixes are also used: micro-small macro-large Microphylla, Magnolia grandiflora

Classification Carl von Linne is the creator of the classification system by the publication of Hortus in 1732 Binomial – Two names the Genus and the species. Genus always capitalized and species lower case and both should be italicized.

Classification Previous: leaf shape, plant size, flower color Linneaus’s: Flowers and/or Reproductive and binomial Least influence by environment

How to Classify Plants Phylogenetic = How they look Environmental = where they grow (climate regions) Agricultural = What use they are grown for Natural/morpholigal = how their structures compares

Artificial Classification Systems Climatic Environment in which plant grows Season Spring vs. Summer vs. Autumn Warm vs Cool Agricultural Agronomic vs horticultural Part consumed Use

Botanical Systems Structure of the plants Form, size, texture use Flowering structure, taxonomy

Example of a complete classification of an Onion plant. Kingdom: Plantae Division: Anthophyta Class: Monocotyledonae Order: Liliales Family: Amaryllidaceae Genus: Allium Species: Allium cepa L

Divisions or phylla Thallophyta - algae, and fungi no tissue differentiation. Bryophyta – green plants w/o true roots or flowers. Mosses & liverworts Pteridophyta - green plants with vascular system, true roots, usually distinct leaves & stems but no true flowers or seeds, has spores Spermatophyta – plants with true flowers producing seeds.

Further Separation Spermatophyta-further divided: gymnosperms & angiosperms Gymnospermae = naked seed (in cones) Angiospermae = seed protected Subclasses-Angiosperms: Mono & dicotyledons

Class Monocotyledoneae = one cotyledon, generally parallel veins, flower parts in 3’s & 6’s. Dicotyledoneae = two cotyledon, net-veined leaves, flower parts in 4’s & 5’s or multiples of 4’s & 5’s

Lower Subdivisions Order Family Genus Species Form Variety/Cultivar/Clone

Sub specific Categories Botanical Variety-different from wild hence var.. Cultivar-little genetic variation “cv” (cultivated variety) Hybrid-crossbreeding use an “x” Family-closely related genera nightshade, sunflower

New Taxonomic Tools Chemical analysis – composition of the plant Protein analysis DNA analysis – genetic finger printing.