Animal Products: Non-Food – Fibers Prepared for: ADVS 1110 Introduction to Animal Science
Integumentary System Integumentary System – is an organ system that protects the body, comprising: Skin Hair and/or Wool and/or Fur Scales Nails or Hooves Horns
Integumentary System The integumentary system has a variety of functions in animals: Waterproof Cushion Protect deeper tissues Excrete wastes Regulate body temperature Location of sensory receptors for pain, pressure and temperature (heat or cold).
Integumentary System Integumentary is derived from the latin word integumentum, meaning ‘a covering’.
Cross-section of Animal Skin
Body Covering for Common Mammals Animal Body Covering Cattle Hair Pigs Horses Dairy Goats Sheep Wool Hair Sheep Mink Fur Non-Angora Rabbits
Body Covering for Common Mammals Animal Body Covering Angora Rabbits Fur and/or Wool Angora Goats Mohair Cashmere Goats Cashmere Llamas Hair (wool) Alpaca Alpaca (wool) Musk Ox Quivet
Skin Terminology of Domestic Animals Skins of Animals: Hides (cattle) Pelts (sheep) Tanning – process of curing skin chemically to make “Leather”. To make “Leather” hair must be removed.
Skin Terminology of Domestic Animals Fellmonger – process of removing hair and/or wool from hides and pelts. Depilatory Process – the process of painting a chemical solution on the skin-side of the pelts or skins that have not had the hair or wool yet removed. About 24 hours after painting with depilatory, the hair can be removed from the epidermis and follicle, relatively easily. Process is very important for the tanning and manufacturing of “Leather”.
Value of Hides Reduced by: Brands- Hot Iron more damaging than freeze brands. Nicking the hide during the skinning process Warbles (larvae of heel flies) Waddles
Legal brand locations Freeze Brand-White hair
Waddles
Value of Hides Reduced by: Outgrowths of grasses in the production of seeds (called awns and/or beards) which can penetrate the skin, both epidermal and mucosal. Exp. ‘foxtail barley’, ‘cheatgrass’, ‘bearded barley’, ‘burrs’, etc. External parasites, i.e. ticks, mites, keds, lice, etc.
Sheep Skin Cross-Section
Raw Fleece
Crimp
Types of Fiber Found on Sheep True Wool Medullated Kemp
Types of Fiber Found on Sheep True Wool: Desirable Solid Strong Elastic Dyes evenly Continuous growth Secondary follicle
Types of Fiber Found on Sheep Medullated: Undesirable Hollow Brittle Less elastic Dyes lighter Continuous growth Primary follicle
Types of Fiber Found on Sheep Kemp: Undesirable Hollow Brittle Pointed ends Dyes unevenly Sheds in fleece Primary follicle
Wool Fiber Anatomy & Type
Effects of Feed (nutritional) and Stress (physiological) on the Diameter and Strength of Wool Fiber
Wool Microphotograph
Wool Scales
“Wool Pets”
Factors Affecting the Value of Wool and Mohair: Fineness (fiber diameter and/or grade) Length of staple Clean fiber yield (opposite is shrink) Uniformity of fiber Crimp (degree of waviness) Black fiber contamination Polypropylene contamination Non-scourable paint brands
Woolen & Worsted Process
Woolen & Worsted Process
Woolen & Worsted Process
Wool Top – Super-fine Merino
Woolen & Worsted Process
Wool: Woolen vs. Worsted Manufacturing Process
Hand Processing Wool
Wool and Mohair Utilization Carpets - 30% Felt – 1% Apparel – 69% A. Knitted Goods B. Woven Fabrics Blankets Upholstery Drapery Men & Boys Wear Women & Girls Wear
Other Animal Fibers Used in Textiles
Various Animal Fibers
Other Animal Fibers Used in Textiles Description Producing Countries Fineness (µ) Length (in) Mohair Turkey South Africa 25 – 45 7 – 10 Cashmere Kashmir Tibet China 12 – 17 1 – 3 Camel Hair Mongolia 16 – 25 1.5 – 2.0 (fine) Alpaca Peru Bolivia 27 – 45 8 – 9 Vicuna 13 1 – 2 Llama 30 – 60 5 – 10
Other Animal Fibers Used in Textiles Description Producing Countries Fineness (µ) Length (in) Angora Rabbit Europe Asia 13 1.5 – 5.0 Quivet (Musk Ox) Alaska 9 – 17 1.0 – 2.5 Wool Australia 16 – 35 2.5 – 4.5 New Zealand 19 – 50 2.75 – 9.0
Alpaca Raw Fiber
Here’s Looking at You!
A Wool Home in Mongolia (Yurt)
Out of Kilter!
Animals are Awesome!
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