General Chemistry Chem 110 Revision Chapter 8

Group 2A A2+ Group 3A A3+ Group 5A A3- Group 6A A2- Group 7A A- ns1 Cations and Anions Of Representative Elements Valence electrons Group 1A A+ Group 2A A2+ Group 3A A3+ Group 5A A3- Group 6A A2- Group 7A A- ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns2np3 ns2np4 ns2np5 عندما تكون عناصر المجموعات (1A, 2A,3A) كاتيونات, فإن التوزيع الالكتروني لهذه الكاتيونات يكون نفس تركيب الغاز الخامل الذي يسبقها في الدورة عندما تكون عناصر المجموعات (5A, 6A,7A) أنيونات، فإن التوزيع الالكتروني لهذه الأنيونات يكون نفس تركيب الغاز الخامل الذي معها في نفس الدورة بدون النظر الى التوزيع الالكتروني فقط بمعرفة العدد الذري للعنصر إذا كان كاتيون نطرح من العدد الذري للعنصر بنفس مقدار الشحنة Na (11 e) → Na+ (10 e) إذا كان أنيون نضيف للعدد الذري للعنصر نفس مقدار شحنة الأنيون F (9 e) → F- (10 e) تكون العناصر التمثيلة (عناصر المجموعات الرئيسية) مايعرف بالأصناف المتساوية الالكترونات (Isoelectronic) يمكن معرفة الأيونات المتساوية الالكترونات

Cations of Transition Metals Ni: [Ar] 4s2 3d8 (transition metal) → Ni2+: [Ar] 3d8 → Ni3+: [Ar] 3d7 Transition metals cations: First: electrons lost from s orbital Then: from the (n-1)d orbital لاتكون العناصر الانتقالية أصناف متساوية الالكترونات (Isoelectronic) لأن الكاتيونات التي تنتجها مازالت تحتوي على أفلاك dغير مكتملة بالالكترونات

Effective nuclear charge increases Atomic radius decreases Ionization energy increases (with exceptions) Electron affinity increases ( with exceptions) Electronegativity increases 1A < 3A < 2A < 4A < 6A < 5A < 7A < 8A 8A < 2A < 1A < 3A < 5A < 4A < 6A < 7A Effective nuclear charge decreases Ionization energy decreases Electronegativity decreases Electron affinity decreases Atomic radius increases Ionic radius increases ايونات من مجموعات مختلفه؟ الكاتيونات اصغر من الانيونات كاتيونات: الاصغر ذو الشحنه الموجبه الاكبر (سواء لنفس الذرة أو لذرات مختلفة) انيونات : الاصغر ذو الشحنه السالبه الاصغر

1. Which of the following statements is true?   A) elements in a group have the same properties * B) elements in a group have similar properties C) elements in a period have similar properties D) elements in a period have the same properties 2. A non-metal of the following is _____.   A) Ba B) Fe C) P * D) Cu 3. Representative elements are also called _____.   A) sub-group elements B) main group elements * C) non-metals D) metals 4. Which of the following is not a representative element?   A) Cs B) Al C) S D) Ni *

5. An element existing in the monoatomic state is _____.   A) cesium * B) iodine C) sulfur D) oxygen 6. An element in the tetra atomic state is ____.   A) gallium B) Phosphorus * C) silicon D) cesium 7. The element having three valence electrons is _____.   A) N B) Ge C) Al * D) Ca 8. The number of valence electrons in phosphorus is _____.   A) 3 B) 5 * C) 2 D) 4

9. The subshell which is gradually filled in the transition metal is _____.   A) s B) d * C) f D) p 10. Isoelectronic ions have _____ electronic configuration.   A) similar B) the same * C) different D) unequal 11. O2– is isoelectronic with _____.   A) F– * B) K+ C) Cl– D) Ar 12. Which of the following is not isoelectronic with Na+?   A) O2– B) Ne C) F– D) K+ *

13. The element with atomic number 17 is placed in the _____ group of the IUPAC periodic table.   A) 7th B) 11th C) 17th * D) 16th 14. The element [Ne]3s23p3 is in the _____ group.   A) 13th B) 2nd C) 15th * D) 17th 15. 1s22s22p6 is the electronic configuration of _____.   A) Cl– B) Al3+ * C) Ar D) K+ 16. The ion having d10 configuration in the outermost shell is _____.   A) K+ B) Zn2+ * C) Al3+ D) Mg2+

17. The metal which does not form a trivalent cation is _____.   A) Fe B) Cr C) Ti D) Cd * 18. The metal with the electronic configuration [Ar]3d3 is _____.   A) Cr3+ * B) Fe3+ C) Ni2+ D) Co2+ 19. The atom with the largest atomic radius of the following is _____.   A) Na B) Br C) Cs * D) Ca 20. The correct order of atomic radius of the following is _____.   A) Na > Al > Cl > Mg B) Na < Al < Cl < Mg C) Na < Mg < Al < Cl D) Na > Mg > Al > Cl *

21. The correct order of radius of the following is _____.   A) O2– < F– < Na+ < Mg2+ B) F– < O2– < Mg2+ < Na+ C) Mg2+ < Na+ < F– < O2– * D) Mg2+ > Na+ > F– > O2– 22. The boiling points of neon and krypton are – 245.9°C and – 152.9°C. The boiling point of argon could be   A) –90°C B) –190°C * C) –300°C D) –70°C 23. Pick out the correct statement from the following:   A) alkali metals have the lowest ionization energy * B) alkali metals have the highest ionization energy C) halogens metals have the lowest ionization energy D) inert gases metals have the lowest ionization energy 24. The element having much higher third ionization energy is _____.   A) Al B) Fe C) Mg * D) Tl

25. Electron affinity is the energy liberated when an atom forms a _____.   A) free radiation B) cation C) anion * D) molecule 26. Which of the following has the highest ionization energy?   A) Cs B) Xe C) F D) He * 27. The property, which decreases along a group from top to bottom, is _____.   A) atomic radius B) metallic character C) ionization energy * D) ionic radius

A. A. free radiation B. cation C. anion * D. molecule 28- Arrange these ions in order of increasing ionic radius: Mg2+, N3−, O2−, F−    A. Row 2 B. Row 3 C. Row 4 Row 1 * 29- All the fllowing statements are correct except With a group of elements,the atomic radius increases with increasing atomic number. For a given group ionization energy increases with increasing atomic number * Cation is always smaller than atom from which it is formed Matals have relatively low ionization energies compared to nonmetals. Increasing radius → Row 1 Mg2+ < F− < O2− < N3− Row 2 F− < Mg2+ < O2− < N3− Row 3 Mg2+ < O2−< N3−< F− Row 4 O2− < F− < Mg2+ < N3− 30-Electron affinity is the energy liberated when an atom forms a _____.   A. A. free radiation B. cation C. anion * D. molecule

31- The sulfide ion, S2-, is isoelectronic with which one of the following?  Na+ K+ * Al3+ 32-Which of these elements has the greatest electronegativity?  Cs Ga As * Na 33-Which of these elements has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive value)?  A.K B.As C.Ar D.Br * 

34-Which of these elements has the greatest electron affinity (largest positive value)?  Mg Al Si P * 35-All the folling statement are correct except For a given group ionization energy increases with increasing atomic number.* Matals have relatively low ionization energies compared to nonmrtals. The noble gases have high ionization energy of all the elements. Anion is always larger than atom from which it is formed 36- Ionization energy is the energy need when an atom forms   A. Free radiation B. Cation * C. Anion D. Molecule

37- All the following statements concerning the periodic table are correct except The elements in a given group have similar chemical properties. All the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weights.* All the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers. Both F and I are halogens. 38-Whish cation contains the more number of electrons? Al3+ Ca2+ C4+ Rb+ * 39- Which of these statements is correct? The radius of cation is always larger than atom from which it is formed, The radius of anion is always smaller than atom from which it is formed. The radius of anion is always larger than atom from which it is formed.* The radius of anion is always similar to the atom from which it is formed.

40- A favorable condition for two elements to form an ionic bond is _____.   A. both should be electropositive B. one should have low electron affinity and the other high ionization energy C. both should be highly electronegative D. one should have high electron affinity and the other low ionization energy * 41-All the following statements concerning the periodic table are correct except The elements in a given group have similar chemical properties. All the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic weights. * All the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic numbers. Both F and I are halogen 42-Fluorine (F) has _______ electron affinity, ionization energy and electronegativity. low High * Less more

43-Which of these statements is correct? The radius of cation is always larger than atom from which it is formed The radius of anion is always smaller than atom from which it is formed The radius of anion is always similar to the atom from which it is formed The radius of anion is always larger than atom from which it is formed * 44-Whish of these statements is correct? The larger the effective nuclear charge, the smaller the atomic radius. * When the effective nuclear charge increase, the atomic radius increase. The smaller the effective nuclear charge, the stronger the electron hold on the nucleus. non of these 45-The liquid in the fourth period is _____.   A) Ca B) * Br C) As D) Sc

47. Which of the following pairs cannot be isoelectronic _____. A) 46. The correct order of the size of the atom or ion of the following is _____.   A) Cl–< Cl B) O2– < S2– * C) Na+ > Na D) Mg2+ < Al3+ 47. Which of the following pairs cannot be isoelectronic _____.   A) ion–ion B) atom–atom * C) cation–cation D) cation–anion 48. An element in the tetra atomic state is ____.   A) gallium B) Phosphorus * C) silicon D) cesium

49. Which of these choices is the electron configuration for the aluminum ion?  A. 1s22s22p63s2 B. 1s22s22p63s23p2 C. 1s22s22p63s23p1 D. 1s22s22p6 * E. 1s22s22p63s23p4 50-The cobalt(III) ion, Co3+, has how many 3d electrons?  A. 0 B. 7 C. 6 * D. 5 E. 4 51. Which of these elements has the greatest metallic character?  A. Ca B. Mg C. Ba * D. As E. Se

52. The correct order of radius of an atom, A, to its ion is _____.   A) A– < A B) A2+ < A+ * C) A2+ > A D) A+ > A– 53. The elements having ns1 configuration in their outermost shell are _____.   A) transition metals B) halogens C) alkali metals * D) alkaline earth metals 54. Which of the following ions is greater in size compared to the corresponding atoms?   A) Mg2+ B) Na+ C) Cl– * D) Al3+