PPT #2 Cellular Energy Production Unit 4 Cell PPT #2 Cellular Energy Production

Cell energy All nutrients that are used by cells must be broken down to into their monomers…let’s talk about GLUCOSE. Breakdown of nutrients to glucose is done by enzymes

Plants Animals Make glucose through Photosynthesis Get glucose from food Release energy from glucose through cellular respiration and ATP Production

Photosynthesis-starts the ecological food webs!

Photosynthesis WHERE: Chloroplast WHO: plant cells WHY: turns water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen! WHEN: in the presences of light energy (sun)

Why is Photosynthesis important? Makes organic molecules (glucose) out of inorganic materials (carbon dioxide and water). It begins all food chains/webs. Thus all life is supported by this process. It also makes oxygen gas!!

PHOTOSYNTHESIS Autotrophic Process: Plants and plant-like organisms like some bacteria and algae make their energy (glucose) from sunlight. Stored as complex carbohydrate in their leaves, and bodies. 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2 BUT this reaction happens in two steps in two different places within the cholorplast.

Photo-synthesis means "putting together with light." Plants use sunlight to turn water and carbon dioxide into glucose. Glucose is a simple of sugar. Plants use glucose as food for energy and as a building block for growing. Autotrophs make glucose and heterotrophs are consumers of it.

How do we know that plants make carbohydrates from just carbon dioxide water and light energy? Experiments! For example: Jan Baptisa van Helmont (1648) planted a willow branch weighing 5 pounds into 200 pounds of soil and then after 4 years the tree weighed 169 lbs. and the soil was still nearly 200 lbs.

Photosynthesis Chemical reaction Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2

Plants in Action Check it! What is the process that uses the sun’s energy to make simple sugars?

Chloroplasts are the organelle that facilitates the 2 step Photosynthesis process: 1. Light reaction 2. Dark Reaction

Step 1: Light Dependent Reactions ---happen in the Thylakoids of chloroplasts --Thylakoids are flattened sacks within the chloroplasts that have all the chlorophyll (which capture light energy) Step 2: Light Independent Reactions (Dark Rnx or Calvin Cycle) --happen in the stroma of chloroplasts --Stroma is the space within the chloroplasts

Leaves are green because they contain the pigment: chlorophyll Leaves have a large surface area to absorb as much light as possible "Thanks for the Glucose!"

WATER SPLITTING in Thylakoids 1. Light Dependent Reactions WATER SPLITTING in Thylakoids 6CO2 + 6H2O---LIGHT ENERGY---6H2 + 3O2 + 6CO2 + tiny energy Light (UV radiation)is absorbed by chlorophyll in the thylakoids Light Energy splits water into H2 and O2 3. The Oxygen is “leftover” and diffuses out through stoma (holes in underside of leaf) 4. A tiny bit of ATP (energy is created) This Energy is used in the 2nd step (Dark Reactions)to make Glucose

6H2 + (tiny ATP)+ 6CO2--------C6H12O6 2. Dark Reactions Also called: Light independent Reactions “Calvin Cycle” in Stroma 6H2 + (tiny ATP)+ 6CO2--------C6H12O6 Tiny bit of energy(ATP) from splitting water is used to split the CO2 and chemically combine it with H2 and make into (C6H12O6). Overall Did Photosynthesis create any extra ENERGY???

Photosynthesis produces: NO NET ENERGY CREATED!!!...just glucose and Oxygen

Summary of the 2 Reactions of photosynthesis 1. Light Dependent RNX: splitting water In chlorophyll pigment inThylakoids 6H2O + Light Energy-----6H2 + 3O2 + Tiny ATP 2. Light Independent RNX (Dark RNX) Calvin Cycle split CO2 making glucose in Stroma 6H2 + (tiny ATP)+ 6CO2------------C6H12O6 Making glucose from split water and CO2 in Stroma No net energy produced.

Look at the Oxygen production from the Chloroplast https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYbMPwmwx88

The Big Picture

Photosynthesis Concept Map Draw your own concept map using the chloroplasts pages. Write the chemical equations for the light and dark reactions. Arrange them in a way that tells a story about what is happening during this process Add labels, arrows, and other symbols to connect the concepts Write a 25 word summary of the process of the two stages of photosynthesis

Cell Respiration WHERE: MITOCHONDRIA WHO: All Eukaryotic Cells WHY: to turn sugar (glucose) into fuel (ATP)

carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers” Cell RespirationEquation C6H12O6+ 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP ENERGY carbon dioxide & water are “leftovers” Where do you think the glucose and oxygen come from????

Two Types of Cellular Respiration Aerobic Most Eukaryotic cells, plants, animals needs oxygen makes 36 ATP 3 steps Fermentation Yeast & Bacteria When no oxygen available only makes 2 ATP (ok for small things) One step:This is how we make bread, yogurt, beer wine!

It’s a 3 STEP PROCESS Why: to slowly release energy without heating up the cell too much! Glycolysis: Happens in the cell cytoplasm to break down glucose All living things do glycolysis!!!!!! Glyco (sugar) Lysis (break apart) C6H12O6 broken into 2, 3 Carbon compounds(pyruvate) C6H12O6 2 C3H6O3 + 2 ATP Without oxygen, breaking glucose gives 2 ATP.

2. Krebs Cycle: In the mitochondria, makes 2 ATP (not efficient) The 2, 3 Carbon compounds(pyruvate) mix with Oxygen to create 2 ATP and a LOT of ELECTRONS. e- 3. Electron Transport Chain In the mitochondria membranes, electrons go back and forth across the membranes and this creates 36 ATP!!!! And releases CO2 and H2O….ready to start all over again!

Cellular Respiration Summary: 1. Glucose is broken into pyruvate in the cell cytoplasm giving off +2 ATP glycolysis Organisms with no Oxygen can still generate energy this way. 2. Pyruvate in the mitochondria undergo reactions with Oxygen and produce +2 ATP and lots of e- Kreb Cycle 3. Electrons e- go back and forth between the mitochondria membrane generating +36 ATP + CO2 and H20 as products. Electron Transport Chain

Cellular Respiration Concept Map Using the mitochondria picture: Write the overall reaction for cellular respiration. Write the reactions for the 3 steps of cellular respiration in a way that tells a story about what is happening during these reactions Add labels, arrows, and other symbols to connect the concepts Write a 25 word summary of the process of cellular respiration Use arrows or color coding to show how the cycles are relayed… (hint: look at the equation)

ATP denosine ri- hosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate The main energy molecule in organisms Energy is held in the Chemical Bonds Breaking a bond releases energy ATPADP Making a bond stores energy ADP ATP

ATP Energy from food Energy for Cells ADP

Cellular Energy in the form of ATP gets used to drive cell processes EX: Cell Division Cell Transport

The Big Picture 1. Plants make glycose through Photosynthesis. People eat food to be broken into glucose. 2. All nutrients must be broken down to Glucose Glucose must be converted to ATP as energy through cell respiration.