The Jews of Europe.

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Presentation transcript:

The Jews of Europe

The Jews of Europe What can we say about the “big picture” of medieval Judaism? How can we compare and contrast it with Christianity and Islam?

Medieval Judaism Where Did They Go? Sadducees Essenes Messianic Jews Pharisees*

Medieval Judaism The Jewish Diaspora “Dispersion” after Jewish War, Bar Kochba Revolt Ashkenazim Sephardim

Medieval Judaism The Tanakh Contents Written in Hebrew, Aramaic Torah (Law) Nevi’im (Prophets) Ketuvim (Writings) Written in Hebrew, Aramaic

Medieval Judaism Rabbinic Literature The Mishnah The Talmud Traditions compiled ca. AD 200 Clarifies, systematizes Torah The Talmud Elaboration of, commentary on Mishnah Contains “Oral Torah” The Talmud

Medieval Judaism The Synagogue Jewish meeting place Services of readings, prayer Few medieval synagogues extant Old-New Synagogue, Prague (ca. 1270)

Medieval Judaism Holy Days and Times Shabbat Biblical holidays Passover Shavu’ot Rosh ha-Shannah Yom Kippur Sukkot Rabbinical holidays Purim Hanukkah

Medieval Judaism Junior’s, New York City

Medieval Judaism Rashi (ca. 1040-1105) Based in Troyes, France Likely the rabbi there, founded yeshiva (1070) Wrote biblical, talmudic commentaries Influential for Jews – and Christians!

Medieval Judaism Moses Maimonides (1135-1204) From Cordoba  Cairo Physician, philosopher Guide of the Perplexed (1185-1190) Covers spectrum of philosophical problems Conclusion: religion and philosophy are harmonious

Medieval Judaism Kabbalah Jewish mystical tradition Goals: mystical awareness, devoutness Themes Need to reinterpret creation account Devotion to Scriptures Salvation of humanity, through Davidic Messiah Book of Splendor (ca. 1290) Tree of Life

Medieval Judaism Judah the Hasid (ca. 1149-1217) Based in Regensburg Legends, miracles! Valued devotion, piety over study Practiced, taught humility

Medieval Judaism Questions?

Jews and Christians Early Medieval Trends in Jewish-Christian Relations Theological anti-Semitism Anti-Jewish legislation often not implemented Jews integrated into every aspect of European life

Jews and Christians Jews in the Kingdom of the Franks Judaism the only non-Christian religion permitted Jewish law recognized within Frankish law Jews welcomed at court, esteemed Rabbinic schools Abul Abaz’s arrival in Aachen

Jews and Christians High Medieval Trends Crusades Toleration  marginalization  persecution Papacy called for toleration, with restrictions and limitations

Jews and Christians Accusations against Jews “Blood libel” Ritual murder Host desecration Well poisoning Murder of Simon of Trent (1475)

Jews and Christians

Jews and Christians The Jews and Money Lending Rising mercantile class  Jews driven out of commercial trade Forced into money lending, practiced usury Moneylending Jews likened to Judas

Jews and Christians Judensau woodcut (ca. 1475)

Jews and Christians The Fate of the Talmud To Christians, impious and blasphemous Censored Subject of trial in France (1240) Periodic waves of seizures, burnings

Jews and Christians Violence against Jews The York Massacre (1190) Mob attacked Jews Jews committed mass suicide in York Castle Debt documents destroyed Strasbourg Massacre (1349) Believed well poisoning caused Black Death 900+ Jews burned Christian mob before York Castle (1190)

Jews and Christians Expulsions of Jews Expelled from Constantinople (10th cent.)  participation in silk trade curtailed Expelled from England (1290)  homes, capital confiscated Expelled from France (1306) after several ritual murder, host desecration trials

Jews and Christians Questions?

The Jews of Europe What can we say about the “big picture” of medieval Judaism? How can we compare and contrast it with Christianity and Islam?