Understand the nature of matter Kinetic Energy States of Matter Brownian motion Heat and Temperature Type of Bonds

Kinetic Energy Kinetic energy is the energy of motion. An object that has motion - whether it is vertical or horizontal motion - has kinetic energy. There are many forms of kinetic energy - vibrational (the energy due to vibrational motion), rotational (the energy due to rotational motion), and translational (the energy due to motion from one location to another). To keep matters simple, we will focus upon translational kinetic energy. 𝐾𝐸= 1 2 𝑚 𝑣 2 Where m is the mass of the object And v is the speed of the object

Student Examples 1. Determine the kinetic energy of a 50kg roller coaster car that is moving with a speed of 2 m/s Answer 𝐾𝐸= 1 2 𝑚 𝑣 2 𝐾𝐸= 1 2 ×50 ×2 2 𝐾𝐸=100𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

2. If the roller coaster car in the above problem were moving with twice the speed, then what would be its new kinetic energy? Answer 𝐾𝐸= 1 2 𝑚 𝑣 2 𝐾𝐸= 1 2 ×50 ×4 2 𝐾𝐸=400𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠

States of Matter http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter The three states are Solid Liquids Gas

In a solid, the positions of atoms are fixed relative to each other over long time. Solids also tend to be strong enough to hold their own shape in a container. Solids are generally denser than liquids. In a liquid, molecules are attracted to other molecules strong enough to keep molecules in contact, but not strong enough to fix a particular structure. The molecules can continually move with respect to each other. This means that liquids can flow smoothly, but not as smoothly as gases. Liquids will tend to take the shape of a container that they are in. Liquids are generally less dense than solids, but denser than gases. In a gas, the chemical bonds are not strong enough to hold atoms or molecules together, and from this a gas is a collection of independent, unbonded molecules which interact mainly by collision. Gases tend to take the shape of their container, and are less dense than both solids and liquids. Gases have smaller forces of attraction than solids and liquids

Brownian Motion Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (a liquid or a gas) resulting from their collision with the quick atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid.

Main type of Bonds Chemical Bond Types There are many types of chemical bonds. However, the three main types are ionic bonds, covalent bonds and metallic bonds. Covalent Bond In covalent bond the atoms share the electrons. Let's take the example of water. A single water molecule is H2O, i.e. It consists of two hydrogen atoms and a single oxygen atom. A water molecule is formed when an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom donate one electron to form a chemical bond. This type of bonding is known as single covalent bond.

Ionic Bond An ionic bond is formed when an atom loses a valence electron to another atom to form a cation and an anion. Take the example of sodium chloride also known as "common salt". The formula of sodium chloride is NaCl. Sodium chloride is formed when an electron of sodium atom is transferred to chlorine atom. This chemical bonding gives Na+ and Cl-. Since the electrons are of opposite charges, they are attracted to each other and the end result is the formation of NaCl Metallic Bond Metallic bond is formed in metals. Let's take the example of copper. The copper atoms are arranged in a certain manner in a copper metal. Here the valence electrons are free to move around in a piece of copper metal. These valence electrons are attracted towards the positive cores of copper. This results in metallic bonding.

Heat & Temperature Heat. The heat an object contains is the amount of its thermal energy measured in joules Temperature. The temperature of an object is to do with the how hot or cold it is, measured in degrees Celsius Examples A swimming pool at 30 0 𝑐 is at a lower temperature than a cup of tea at 80 0 𝑐 But the swimming pool contains more water so it store more thermal energy than a cup of tea. To boil water we must increase its temperature to 100 0 𝑐 it takes longer to boil a large beaker of water than a small beaker because the larger beaker contains more water and needs more thermal energy to reach 100 0 𝑐

Some Baseline Temperatures kelvin Degree Celsius Degree Farenheit Symbol K 𝐶 0 𝐹 0 Boiling Water 373.15 100 212 Melting point of ice 273.15 32 Absolute zero -273.15 -459.67 Temperature Conversions Kelvin/degree Celsius conversion Kelvin = degree Celsius + 273.15 Degree Celsius = kelvin - 273.15 Degree Fahrenheit to degree Celsius conversion Degree F = degree C X 1.8 +32 Degree C = (degree F – 32)/1.8