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Aerospace Technology Mr. Huebsch Aviation Theory Aerospace Technology Mr. Huebsch 2

Summary Slide 1.0 History 2.0 Varieties of Aircrafts 3.0 Parts of an Airplane 4.0 How do airplanes fly? 5.0 Flight Controls

1.0 History Leonardo da Vinci Montgolfier’s Sir George Cayley William Henson Felix Du Temple Alphonse Penaud Entienne-Jules Otto Lilienthal Wright Brothers 4

Leonardo da Vinci Late 1400’s – Drew designs for a variety of flying machines. Ornithopter – Elongated – legs out in front Helicopter

Montgolfier Brothers 1st successful man-carrying free flight Paris 1783 The balloon traveled 5 miles in 25 minutes

Sir George Cayley 1800 - England Discovered principles that form the foundation for modern aeronautics Fixed winged glider – deals with lift, thrust, and drag Expressed the importance of control surfaces & stabilizers

Aerial Steam Carriage (never built) William Samuel Henson 1845 he published a design for a monoplane His designs and test models led to today's powered planes Aerial Steam Carriage (never built)

Felix Du Temple 1857 – Built a plane that rose with its own power Swept forward wing & tail / landing gear

Alphonse Penaud 1870 – experimented with model planes and rubber bands Designs brought about a vertical rudder

Entienne-Jules Marey Late 1800’s Studied Air flow Studies led to airfoil design

Otto Lilienthal 1891 built and flew the 1st successful glider 1st hanglider

Wilber and Orville Wright -1900 made a glider -Tests at kitty hawk -World’s 1st powered, sustained, and controlled flight (1903) -Flyer III -could fly for ½ hour

2.0 Varieties of Aircrafts Lighter than air 1,2,3 Gliders Rotocrafts Airplanes 5

Lighter than air Balloons 1st aircraft to break mans bond to the earth Once used hydrogen for lifting power - now hot air is used Principally used for sport

Lighter than air Each type of airship has motors that enable direction Blimp - gas envelope Zeppelin- frame work

Gliders Most prominent today is the high-performance sailplane High Aerodynamics Allows pilots to show off skills and knowledge of air currents to achieve great altitudes and long duration flights 9

Rotocrafts Gyroplanes Helicopters Attain thrust with a pusher-type propeller Lift is attained from a free-wheeling rotor Helicopters Rotor is powered in order to achieve lift Thrust is attained by changing the angle of the rotor 10

Airplanes Most important aircraft in terms of it’s numbers, economic contributions, and sociological impact Airplanes are classified by characteristics intended use number of engines type of landing gear location and configuration of wings

3.0 Parts of an Airplane Wings 1,2 Fuselage or body Empennage Landing Gear Power Plant 11

Wings Monoplanes Straight Dihedral Tip Dihedral Biplanes Polyhedral Dihedral is the angle at which the wings are inclined upwards when the plane is viewed head on. Polyhedral 12

Wing parts 13

Fuselage or body Attachment point for the wing, tail assembly, power plant, and landing gear Houses controls and instruments Space for crew and passengers Construction Truss - steel tubing framework Semi Monocoque - strength comes from skin 14

Empennage 15

Landing Gear 16

Power Plant Engine Propeller combo Jet propulsion - engine is its own power plant 17

4.0 How do Airplanes Fly? Bernoulli’s Principle Lift Thrust Drag Gravity 20

Bernoulli’s Principle Definition: Relationship between pressure, fluid flow velocity, and the potential energy of fluids Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782) -As velocity of a fluid increases the pressure decreases -As the velocity of a fluid decreases the pressure in the fluid increases Venturi Tube 1,000 Molecules 1” per sec. 1/2 dia. 2x as fast Fast=Low pressure Slow=high pressure Slow=high pressure 21

Lift 22

Thrust The pulling power of the propeller and the strength of the motor 23

Drag Displacement of the air by the plane itself Friction of the plane’s surface against the air 25

Gravity The earth’s gravitational pull

5.0 Flight Controls Axis of Rotation Airfoils Ailerons Elevators Rudder

Axis of Rotation

Airfoils This is a good time to hand out laminar air flow sheet Low camber - low drag, high speed-used for race planes and fighters Deep camber - high lift low speed - used for transports and bombers Under cambered - high lift low speed - same as deep cambered just thinner Under cambered with reflex trailing edge - low lift, high drag, good stability Symmetrical - cambered top and bottom - good stability

Ailerons

Elevators

Rudder

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