Good morning! Please silence your phone & put it in your bag or your cubby (# matches desk #) Please get out you paper for notes and a pen. Write the WHAP Word of the day & definitions. Draw a picture for each word. WHAP Word of the Day Agrarian: farming or a person who farms Pastoral: herding or raising animals like sheep, goats or cattle.

Today’s Agenda Questions?? What is History? Review Paleolithic & Neolithic Ages Characteristics of a Civilization HMWK: APQ 1 & Regions on Mon/Tues. Chrome book check out on Mon/Tues. Bring Student ID Chrome book cover or backpack with padded section Complete online RRHS User Agreement

I. The Paleolithic Era Early humans were nomadic hunters & gatherers (had to move around to find their food) This followed the seasonal migration of animals and availability of plants Old Stone Age

How were Paleolithic peoples organized? Small family groups of 10-50 people. Egalitarian societies- men and women share roles and are equal in status Who was most suitable for hunting? For camp management and gathering? Whom do you suppose created cave art?  

Living in Small Groups: Do it Yourself! There was no government to take care of things Everything had to be done within the family Most people met less than 500 people in their lives Family was ‘society’ Justice, education, eating, ceremonies all took place in small groups Aboriginal ‘family’ group (1969) migrating in Central Australia

Gift-giving was a vital way of holding groups together Ceremonies were equally important Contacts with neighboring groups were made at regular meetings and rituals, where gifts and information were swapped marriages made Justice was personal No police meant ‘Do-it-yourself’ justice Living in small groups Matel cut www.dam.brown.edu Apache Ritual

Paleolithic Religion Paleolithic Humans lived in a world filled with spirits and thought of themselves as part of the natural world Natural phenomenon (like earthquakes, floods, rain, etc.) were associated with gods who were often associated with animals. Believed that their spirits would return in the form of other animals or natural features of the landscape Women were extremely important in this world of spirits. …Why? Matel cut

Triple Burial at Dolni Vestonice, c. 26,000 BP Does this show Paleolithic Humans had an awareness of an ‘after life’? Matel cut

Did Paleolithic Foragers Live Well? “Living Standards” The traditional view: their lives were ‘nasty, brutish and short’ Modern views: their lives were More egalitarian than ours (no states, no jails) Healthier (fewer diseases, good, varied food) Less stressful (more leisure, less pressure, strong sense of community) Natufian Settlement

Pace of Change in the Paleolithic Era Change was slow but there was lots of change nevertheless: Many new technologies were developed Humans ‘adapted’ to many new niches by constructing new technologies And humans spread all around the world!

II. The Neolithic Revolution Around 8,000 B.C., the Neolithic Revolution occurred & early humans discovered how to farm & domesticate animals New Stone Age

Farming changed the way humans lived: People no longer had to be nomads Food surpluses led to population increases Farming villages became established along river valleys for their good soil & irrigation

The pace of change began to vary from region to region Where denser populations appeared, change was faster Where populations remained small and scattered, change was slower So: Different parts of the world began to have very different histories Matel cut : www.landenweb.com/bevolking

Around 3,000 B.C., some farming villages became complex civilizations. ? Advanced cities

Early Agrarian (Neolithic) Era A World of Villages Don’t assume that agriculture quickly led to towns, cities, states and ‘civilization’ (although it did eventually) For many thousands of years it did not Early agrarian technologies were: much less productive than later technologies but much more productive than those of the Paleolithic Era and over time they slowly improved So populations and resources began to grow faster Matel cut

What were some major effects of the development of agriculture?

What were some major effects of the development of agriculture? Agriculture allowed people to settle in one place for an extended period of time Location was a key factor in the development of the first civilizations – along rivers, where flooding provided fertile soil

What were some major effects of the development of agriculture? With a surplus (excess) of crops, humans developed small sedentary societies

What were some major effects of the development of agriculture? Rise of patriarchy The father is head of the family and ancestry and inheritance are traced through men Ex- How many of you have your father’s last name? What do we call it if the head of the family and your ancestry/inheritance is traced through your mother? Females considered property Male-dominated state & religious systems Do you think Paleolithic societies were more patriarchal or matriarchal? Why/why not?

How did Neolithic Living Standards Change? May have declined in early agrarian villages Farmers relied on fewer foods than foragers, so: Their diets were less varied (and farmers may have been less tall than neighboring foragers) Famine became a real possibility if staple crops failed Farmers probably worked harder than foragers Farmers probably suffered higher levels of stress (we can tell from study of bones)