Paper 2: Cold War The breakdown of the grand alliance and the emergence of superpower rivalry in Europe and Asia (1943–1949): role of ideology; fear and aggression; economic interests; a comparison of the roles of the US and the USSR The US, USSR and China—superpower relations (1947–1979): containment; peaceful co-existence; Sino-Soviet and Sino-US relations; detente Confrontation and reconciliation; reasons for the end of the Cold War (1980– 1991): ideological challenges and dissent; economic problems; arms race Rivalry, mistrust and accord Leaders and nations The impact of two leaders, each chosen from a different region, on the course and development of the Cold War The impact of Cold War tensions on two countries (excluding the USSR and the US) Cold War Crisis Cold War crises case studies: detailed study of any two Cold War crises from different regions: examination and comparison of the causes, impact and significance of the two crises

Sino-American Relations Essential Question Evaluate the causes of the change in US-Chinese relations after 1969 Learning Outcomes - Students will: Preview – Break down the question Learn about the Sino-US rapproachment Success Criteria I can discuss who benefited from the Sino-US detente

Preview When you sit down to answer a Paper 2 question. Once you have chosen your question, what do you do? Step 1 – Breakdown the question Evaluate the causes of the change in US-Chinese relations after 1969 Step 2 – Outline We have looked at 2 methods so far 1 – just plug in the info into the smaller questions 2 – list the vocab to find themes

Vocab “One China Policy”

Reading 3 lessons on this topic SL & HL - The Cold War - Pg. 133-149 Make sure you are adding to Notes Essential Question Class vs. Textbook Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions 3 lessons on this topic

Sino-US Problems Issue Evidence Pre-1969 Reasons for Change Solution Post-1969 US China Ideological Taiwan Containment Policy in Asia Nuclear Power

Relations Before 1969 - Ideological Mao – “Today, the danger of a world war and the threats to China come mainly from the warmongers in the US” - 1957 PRC sent agents to Latin America to promote communist revolution US – believed in the monolithic view of communism Ex. White Paper and McCarthyism

Relations Before 1969 - Containment Korean War – US believes that Mao and Stalin organized and planned the communist invasion As the Americans entered, Mao worried that the US would have a stepping stone to China itself PRC troops attack US forces as they approached their border with North Korea General MacArthur proposed using nuclear weapons against China “Tells the Chinese to surrender or else!!!” Impact US will support other Asian countries to counter Communist China Ex. SEATO Japan – reverse course China provides aid to North Vietnam Ex. 320,000 Chinese soldiers

Relations Before 1969 - Taiwan Taiwan – US does not recognize Red China and supports Chiang Kai Shek while Mao views Taiwan as part of mainland China One China Policy - US gives ‘China’s seat’ in the UN and Security Council, not mainland China 1955 - Sino-American Mutual Defence Treaty 1958 – Mao bombs Quemoy and Matsu leading to potentially another war US threatens massive retaliation using its nuclear weapons US gives economic and military aid to Taiwan

Relations before 1969 - Nuclear Nuclear Policy Mao – “…our country has 600 million…the US cannot annihilate the Chinese nation with its small stack of atom bombs” US threatened nuclear weapons during the Korean War and the Taiwan Crisis

Sino-US Problems Issue Evidence Pre-1969 Reasons for Change Solution Post-1969 US China Ideological Taiwan Containment Policy in Asia Nuclear Power

Paper 2: Cold War The breakdown of the grand alliance and the emergence of superpower rivalry in Europe and Asia (1943–1949): role of ideology; fear and aggression; economic interests; a comparison of the roles of the US and the USSR The US, USSR and China—superpower relations (1947–1979): containment; peaceful co-existence; Sino-Soviet and Sino-US relations; detente Confrontation and reconciliation; reasons for the end of the Cold War (1980– 1991): ideological challenges and dissent; economic problems; arms race Rivalry, mistrust and accord Leaders and nations The impact of two leaders, each chosen from a different region, on the course and development of the Cold War The impact of Cold War tensions on two countries (excluding the USSR and the US) Cold War Crisis Cold War crises case studies: detailed study of any two Cold War crises from different regions: examination and comparison of the causes, impact and significance of the two crises

Sino-American Relations Essential Question Evaluate the causes of the change in US-Chinese relations after 1969 Learning Outcomes - Students will: Preview – add to our outline Learn about the reasons for change and its impact Complete their table Success Criteria I can create an outline answering the essential question

Preview When you sit down to answer a Paper 2 question. Once you have chosen your question, what do you do? Step 1 – Breakdown the question Evaluate the causes of the change in US-Chinese relations after 1969 Step 2 – Outline What info do we have now? How could we use this?

VOcab Realpolitik Ping-pong diplomacy Treaty of Friendship Open Door Policy

Reading 3 lessons on this topic SL & HL - The Cold War - Pg. 133-149 Make sure you are adding to Notes Essential Question Class vs. Textbook Class – discuss the main ideas and themes, with some evidence Textbook – provides further evidence to support your claims & provides practice questions 3 lessons on this topic

Reasons for Change – Chinese Perspective Nuclear Policy 1964 – China successfully develops a nuclear bomb Now considered a superpower and cannot be threatened by the US, as was done in the 1950s Domestic Policies Need for economic aid after the Failure of the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution Sino-Soviet Split Further aggression by the USSR Ex. Brezhnev Doctrine USSR may attempt to isolate China Ex. 1968 – North Vietnam supported the USSR agents in Vietnam as a result of the $670 million in aid

Reasons for Change – US Perspective Failure of Containment in Asia, particularly Vietnam US foreign policy is largely focused on Vietnam, specifically getting out Wanted to end the Chinese support for the North New President Nixon and Advisor Kissinger Nixon gained a reputation in the 1950s for being a strong “anti-communist” and thus could not be labeled “soft” Kissinger believed in realpolitik Sino-Soviet Split US abandons the monolithic view of communism Cold War Put pressure on the USSR to seek detente

What happened? April 1971 – Ping pong diplomacy US ping-pong team visits China and vice versa Nixon and Kissenger open up secret communication channals to China July 1971 – Kissinger secretly visits China to prepare for a further visit from Nixon Feb 1972 – Nixon makes an official visit to China

What happened? - Immediate Who benefited most from this Sino-US détente? China Got…. US got… UN membership – 1971 Nixon supports giving PRC China’s seat on the Security Council and UN membership Taiwan – US would no longer oppose PRC but will not give up Taiwan Japan – 1978 – Treaty of Friendship signed and second most important trading partner 1979 – Open Door Policy new leader Deng Xiaoping travels to the US to organize a trade agreement and receive foreign investment Vietnam – Sino-US détente gave weight to peace negotiations with Soviet backed N. Vietnamese Soviets – forced to seek/maintain detente

Sino-US Problems Issue Evidence Pre-1969 Reasons for Change Solution Post-1969 US China Ideological Taiwan Containment Policy in Asia Nuclear Power

Postview When you sit down to answer a Paper 2 question. Once you have chosen your question, what do you do? Step 1 – Breakdown the question Evaluate the causes of the change in US-Chinese relations after 1969 Step 2 – Outline How will you organize your paragraphs?

Paper 2: Cold War The breakdown of the grand alliance and the emergence of superpower rivalry in Europe and Asia (1943–1949): role of ideology; fear and aggression; economic interests; a comparison of the roles of the US and the USSR The US, USSR and China—superpower relations (1947–1979): containment; peaceful co-existence; Sino-Soviet and Sino-US relations; detente Confrontation and reconciliation; reasons for the end of the Cold War (1980– 1991): ideological challenges and dissent; economic problems; arms race Rivalry, mistrust and accord Leaders and nations The impact of two leaders, each chosen from a different region, on the course and development of the Cold War The impact of Cold War tensions on two countries (excluding the USSR and the US) Cold War Crisis Cold War crises case studies: detailed study of any two Cold War crises from different regions: examination and comparison of the causes, impact and significance of the two crises

Sino-American Relations Essential Question Evaluate the causes of the change in US-Chinese relations after 1969 Learning Outcomes - Students will: Write the main body paragraphs Success Criteria I can compare my paragraphs with the markscheme

IB Practice Step 1 – choose your question Evaluate the causes of the change in US-Chinese relations after 1969 Step 2 – break it down Step 3 – outline Which method? 1 – fill in the blanks under the question 2 – write out the vocab Step 4 – write your thesis Step 5 – write your main body paragraphs Tips – what is the keyword in the question? This keyword should appear many times within the analysis of each main body paragraph Analysis should go after every piece of evidence you write

Evaluate the causes of the change in US-Chinese relations after 1969 Candidates should address the reasons from both the US and Chinese perspectives and produce an assessment of the reasons for change that occurred in each country. The emphasis is on understanding the reasons not in providing a narrative or catalogue of events. Candidates should demonstrate some awareness of the historical context from 1969 onwards and how this contributed to the desire of both states to seek a change in their relationship. The reasons for the US to seek a change in relations with China may include: the war with Vietnam had weakened the American economy and both its ability and desire to continue its containment policy against Communism; it sought to enter a new relationship with China to reduce tensions in Asia; it sought a new Chinese relationship as a means to pressure the USSR into agreeing to détente through which the arms race and Cold War competition could be reduced with resulting declines in tension and economic expenditure. The influence of Henry Kissinger, a practitioner of realpolitik, was also important as he helped to move the United States away from its ideological hostility to Communist states. The ongoing hostility of China towards the USSR could be used by the Americans as a counter to Russian attempts to gain greater influence in the Third World. In subsequent years the United States sought to further improve its relations with China as a means of increasing opportunities for US industry and investment. This economic relationship expanded dramatically after the death of Mao and the adoption of new economic policies in China. The reasons for China to seek a new relationship with the US may include: China’s relationship with the USSR which had continued to deteriorate since 1960. China was increasingly concerned about the USSR: armed conflict had broken out in 1969 between the two and there was a fear of further Russian aggression (possibly nuclear). In addition China was on bad terms with other neighbouring states such as North Korea. China needed to establish the possibility of a relationship with the US in order to diminish the possibility of Soviet aggression. In addition the Chinese economy was in a poor condition after the Cultural Revolution and would benefit from the ability to develop trade and technology links with the US. The withdrawal of the US from Vietnam reduced the possibility of conflict between the US and China in Asia and opened the door for better relations. After the death of Mao, a more pragmatic administration sought to expand the Chinese economy through a better relationship with the United States.